upsc geography

back
fwd

For quick maps, upsc prelims test practice and more. ...visit
https://app.gs-ias.com

INTRODUCTION THE ARCHAEAN FORMATIONS (PRE-CAMBRIAN)(i) The Bengal Gneiss (ii) The Bundelkhand Gneiss (iii) The Nilgiri Gneiss DHARWAR SYSTEM (PROTEROZOIC FORMATIONS)(a) Champion Series (b) Champaner Series (c) Chilpi Series (d) Closepet Series (e) Iron-Ore Series (f) Khondolite Series (g) Rialo Series (h) Sakoli Series (i) Sausar Series THE CUDDAPAH SYSTEM (THE PURANA GROUP)Papaghani Series THE VINDHYAN SYSTEM Bhander Series Bijwar Series Kaimur Series THE PALAEOZOIC GROUP (CAMBRIAN TO CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD)Palaeozoic System in the Indian Geologic Time Scale THE MESOZOIC ERA (THE GONDWANA SYSTEM)Talcher Series The Damuda Series Panchet Series THE CRETACEOUS SYSTEM (THE DECCAN TRAP)THE TERTIARY SYSTEM (THE CENOZOIC ERA)THE QUATERNARY PERIOD (THE PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT FORMATIONS)Karewas REFERENCES Physiography INTRODUCTION ORIGIN AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE PENINSULAR INDIA Major Geological Formations of the Peninsular India (about 3600 million years ago)1. The Archaean Group 2. The Dharwar System 3. The Cuddapah System 4. The Vindhyan System 5. Gondwana System 6. The Deccan Trap 7. The Tertiary System 8. The Pleistocene Period Physiography and Relief Features of Peninsular India 1. The North Central Highlands 2. The South Central Highlands 3. The Chotanagpur Plateau 4. The Meghalaya Plateau and Mihir Hills 5. The North Deccan (Maharashtra Plateau)6. The South Deccan 7. The Western Ghats 8. The Eastern Chats Significance of the Peninsular Plateau THE HIMALAYAS Origin of the Himalayas (i) The Geosynclinal Origin (ii) The Plate Tectonic Origin of the Himalayas Physiographic Divisions of the Himalayas 1. The Trans-Himalayas 2. The Greater Himalayas 3. The Lesser Himalayas 4. The Shiwaliks or Outer Himalayas/Sub-Himalayas Longitudinal Divisions of the Himalayas 1. The Kashmir Himalayas 2. The Himachal Himalayas 3. The Kurnaun Himalayas 4. The Central Himalayas 5. The Eastern Himalayas The Syntaxial Bends of the Himalayas Main Passes of Himalayas Glaciers and Snowline Ice Ages in India 1. The Dharwar Ice Age 2. The Gondwana Ice Age 3. The Pleistocene Ice Age The Significance of the Himalayas 1. Climatic Influence 2. Defence 3. Source of Perennial Rivers 4. Source of Fertile Soils 5. Generation of Hydroelectricity 6. Forest Wealth 8. Minerals 10. Pilgrimage THE GREAT PLAINS OF INDIA Origin of the Great Plains of India 1. Alluviation of the Foredeep 2. Infilling of a Rift Valley 3. Recession of the Sea 4. Remnant of the Tethys 5. Recent Views Physiographic Divisions of the Great Plains of India 1. The Bhabar Plain 2. The Tarai Tract 3. The Bhangar (Hangar) Plains 4. The Khadar Plains 5. Delta Plains Meso-regions of the Northern Plains of India 1. The Plains of Rajasthan 2. The Punjab Haryana Plains (total area 1.75 lakh sq km)3. The Ganga Plains (Total area 357,000 sq. km.)4. The Brahmaputra Plain Significance of the Great Plains of India THE COASTAL PLAINS (i) The Gujarat Coastal Plain (ii) The West Coastal Plain The Eastern Coastal Plain The Indian Islands Islands of the Bay of Bengal The Arabian Sea Islands Offshore Islands EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA VULCANICITY THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM DRAINAGE PATTERN 1. The Antecedent or Inconsequent Drainage 2. Consequent Rivers 3. Subsequent Rivers 4. Superimposed, Epigenetic (Discordant) or Superinduced Drainage 5. Dendritic Drainage 6. Trellis Drainage 7. Barbed Pattern 8. Rectangular Drainage 9. Radial Pattern 10. Annular Pattern 11. Parallel Drainage 12. Deranged Pattern RIVER BASINS OF INDIA The Himalayan Drainage Evolution of the Himalayan Rivers THE MULTIPLE RIVER THEORY RIVER SYSTEMS OF THE HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE 1. The Indus (Sindhu)The Jhelum (Vitasta)The Chenab (Asikni)The Ravi (Parushni or Iravati)The Beas (Vipasa or Argikiya)The Satluj (Satadru or Satudri)Ghaggar (the legendary Saraswati)2. The Ganga Basin (length 2510 km; area 861,404 sq km)The Yamuna River (length USObm-f The Chambal (length 960 km)Chambal Ravines The Ramganga The Sharda The Karnali River Gandak The Kosi The Tista The Mahananda River Ken-River The Son (length 780 km, basin: 54,000 sq km)The Damodar River 3. The Brahmaputra River Rangit River The Sankosh The Manas The Subansiri The Dhansiri The Manipur River Kaldan River Barak River MAIN RIVERS OF PENINSULAR INDIA Luni River Sabarmati Mahi Sharavati Narmada (length 1300 km, drainage basin 98,800 sq km)Tapi EASTERLY RIVERS OF THE PENINSULAR REGION Subernrekha (length 400 km, basin 28,000 sq km)The Brahmani (length 420 km)The Mahanadi (length 885 km, basin 141,600 sq km)The Godavari (length 1465 km, basin 312,800 sq km)The Krishna (length 1290 km, basin 259,000 sq km)The Pennar The Kaveri (length 765 km, basin 87,900 sq km)Amravathi River The Tambraparni RIVER REGIMES Comparison of the Peninsular and the Extra-Peninsular Rivers SHIFTING COURSES OF THE RIVERS TYPES OF LAKES 1. The Tectonic Lakes 2. The Crater Lakes 3. Glacial Lakes (Tarns)4. Fluvial Lakes 5. Aeolian Lakes 6. Dissolution Lakes 7. Lagoons 8. Landslide Lakes MAIN LAKES OF INDIA Bhimtal Bhoj Wetland Chandra Tai Chembarambakkam Lake Chilka Lake (Chilika Lake)Dal Lake Dhebar Lake (Jaisamand)Himayat Sagar Hussain Sagar Kaliveli Lake Khajjiar Lake Khecheopalri Lake Kolleru Lake Loktak Lake Nako Lake Osman Sagar Pongong Tso Pulicat Lake Pushkar Lake Renuka Lake Roopkund Sambhar Lake Sasthamkotta Lake Satta or Sat Tai Suraj Tai Tawa Reservoir Tsongmo Lake Veeranam Lake Vembanad Lake (Vembanad Kayal or Vembanad Koi)Veeranpuzha Lake Vembanattu Lake Wular Lake WATER RESOURCES OF INDIA Water Harvesting in India Rain-water Harvesting Merits of Rainwater Harvesting Rainwater Harvesting Practices Government Strategy THE INTER-STATE WATER DISPUTES INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS FOR SURFACE WATER RESOURCES The Indus Water Treaty NATIONAL WATER GRID 1. The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal 2. The Brahmaputra-Ganga Link Canal 3. The Narmada Link Canal to Gujarat and Rajasthan 4. The Chambal Link Canal 5. Links between the Rivers of the Western Ghats to the East GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF INDIA 1. The Pre-Cambrian Crystalline Province 2. Pre-Cambrian Sedimentary Rocks Province 3. The Gondwana Sedimentary Province 4. The Deccan Trap Province 5. The Cenozoic Sedimentary Province 6. The Cenozoic Fault Basin 7. The Ganga Brahmaputra Alluvial Province 8, The Himalayan Province THE NATIONAL WATER POLICY MAIN WATERFALLS OF INDIA Ayyanar Waterfall Barakana Falls Dudhsagar(Goa)Duduma Waterfall (158 m)Gokak Falls (53 m)Jog Falls (253 m)Kiliyur Falls Kurtalam Falls Lodh Waterfalls (also known as Buddha Ghagh Falls)Shivasamudram Waterfall Siruvani Waterfall Thalaiyar Waterfall (Rattail)Vattaparai Waterfall Vazhachal Waterfall Some of the other important Waterfalls in India Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Meghalaya Mizoram Odish a Tamil Nadu Climate INTRODUCTION INDIAN MONSOON The Thermal Concept of Halley (1686)The Dynamic Concept by Flohn Recent Concepts about the Origin of Indian Monsoons INDIAN MONSOONS AND THE TIBET PLATEAU JET STREAM AND INDIAN MONSOONS EL-NINO AND THE INDIAN MONSOON Somalian Current BURST OF MONSOON BREAKS IN THE MONSOON Onset of the Monsoon Progress of the Monsoons SEASONS IN INDIA A. Seasons of North-East Monsoon B. Seasons of South-West Monsoon I. The Cold Weather Season 2. The Hot Weather Season 3. The Season of General Rains 4. Season of Retreating Monsoon RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION VARIABILITY OF RAINFALL CLIMATIC REGIONS OF INDIA KOPPEN'S CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN CLIMATE 1. Aw (Tropical Savanna Type)2. Amw (Tropical Monsoon Type)3. As (Tropical Moist Climate)4. BShw (Semi-Arid Steppe Climate)5. BWhw (Hot Desert Type)6. Cwg (Mesothermal Climate—Gangetic Plain Type)7. Dfc (Cold Humid Winter Type)8. E (Polar Type)9. ET (Tundra Type)CLIMATIC DIVISIONS BY STAMP AND KENDREW A. Subtropical Climate 1. The Himalayan Region 2. The North-Western Region 3. The Dry Plains of North-West India 4. Areas of Moderate Rainfall 5. The Transitional Zone B. Tropical India 6. Region of Very Heavy Rainfall 7. Region of Heavy Rainfall 8. Region of Moderate Rainfall 9. The Konkan Coast 10. The Malabar Coast 11. The Tamil Nadu Region TREWARTHA'S CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN CLIMATE 1. The Tropical Rainy Climate (Am)2. The Tropical Savannah Climate (Aw)3. The Tropical Steppe Climate (BSw)4. The Sub-tropical Steppe Climate (BSh)5. The Tropical Arid Climate (BWh)6. The Humid Sub-tropical Climate (Caw)7. The Humid Mountain Climate (Dwb)CLIMATIC DIVISIONS OF INDIA BY R.L. SINGH (1971)I. The Humid North-East 2. Humid Sahyadri and Western Coast 3. The Humid South-East 4. The Sub-Humid Transition 5. The Sub-Humid Littoral 6. The Sub-Humid Continental 7. Semi-Arid Subtropical 8. The Semi-Arid Tropical 9. Arid 2. Humid Sahyadri and Western Coast 3. The Humid South-East 4. The Sub-Humid Transition 5. The Sub-Humid Littoral 6. The Sub-Humid Continental 7. Semi-Arid Subtropical 8. The Semi-Arid Tropical 9. Arid 10. The Western Himalayas DROUGHTS Drought Management Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)FLOODS Causes of Floods Flood Prone Areas of India 1. The Ganga River Basin 2. The Brahmaputra River Basin 3. The Punjab Haryana Flood Plain 4. Flood Prone Areas of the Coastal Plains Flood Control and Management 1. Flood Forecasting 2. Reduction of Runoff 3. Construction of Dams and Reservoirs 4. Control of Flood Levels 5. Construction of Embankments 6. Flood Plain Zoning 7. Other Measures Flood Control Programme and Strategies Natural Vegetation and National Parks INTRODUCTION FLORISTIC REGIONS OF INDIA 1. The Eastern Himalayan Region 2. The North-Western Himalayan Region 3. The Assam Region 4. The Gangetic Plain 5. The Indus Plain 6. The Deccan Region 7. The Malabar Region 8. Andaman and Nicobar SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS IN INDIA CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTS IMPORTANT SPECIES OF TREES AND THEIR UTILITY 1. Woods from the Evergreen Forests (i) Rosewood (ii) Gurjan (Hi) Telsur or Irupii (iv) Toon (v) Ebony (Diospyros Ebenum)(vi) Chaplas (vii) Nahar (viii) Poon 2. Woods of the Monsoon Forests (i) Sal (Shorea Robusta)(ii) Teak (Tectona Grandis)(Hi) Shisham (Dalbergia Sissoo)(iv) Haldu (v) Palas (vi) Arjun (vii) Mahua (Madhuca Indica)(viii) Semul (ix) Mulberry (x) Jamun (Syzygium cumini)3. Woods from the High Altitudinal Forests of the Himalayas (i) Chir (Pinus Longifolia)(ii) Deodar (Cedrus Deodara)(Ui) Blue-Pine (Pinus Excelsa)(iv) Silver-fir (Abies)(v) Spruce (Picea Mithiana)(vi) Walnut (Juglans Regia)(vii) White Willow (Salix Alba)(viii) Indian Birch (ix) Cypress FOREST PRODUCTS AND THEIR UTILITY 1. Bamboo 2. Canes 3. Tendu 4. Grasses 5. Oils 6. Medicinal Herbs and Plants 7. Shellac 8. Resins 9. Gums 10. Tannins and Dyes 11. Katha 12. Fruits and Vegetables 13. ValuableThings 14. Grazing Grounds 15. Forestsand Climate PROBLEMS OF INDIAN FORESTRY 1. Low Forest cover 2. Open Grazing 3. Shifting Cultivation 4. Growing Demand for Agricultural Land 5. Urbanisation and Industrialisation 6. Construction of Multi-Purpose Projects 7. Commercial Activities THE NATIONAL FOREST POLICY The National Forest Policy 1988 SOCIAL FORESTRY Objectives Community Forestry Agro-Forestry EXISTING POSITION OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS FOREST CONSERVATION WILDLIFE Biosphere Reserves MANGROVES Coral Reefs Wetlands (Ramsar Convention)Strategy for the Conservation of Wildlife WESTERN GHATS: A WORLD HERITAGE SITE Soils INTRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL Humus Soil Texture Soil Structure Soil Acidity Soil Air Soil Water Soil Horizon Soil Profile CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS OF INDIA 1. Alluvial Soils 2. Red Soils 4. Desert Soils 5. Laterite Soils 6. Mountain Soils 7. Red and Black Soils 8. Grey and Brown Soils 9. Submontane Soils 10. Saline and Alkaline Soils 11. Peaty and Marshy Soils 12. Karewa Soil 13. Snowfields PROBLEMS OF INDIAN SOILS (i) Soil Erosion (ii) Declining Soil Fertility (iii) Water-Logging (iv) Saline and Alkaline Soils (v) Salt Flats CONSEQUENCES OF SOIL EROSION SOIL CONSERVATION 1. Afforestation 2. Restriction on the Felling of Trees 3. Contour Ploughing and Strip Cultivation 4. Control of Floods 5. Reclamation of Ravine and Badlands 6. Restriction on Shifting Cultivation 7. Restoration of Long Fallow 8. Reclamation of Saline and Alkaline (usar) Soil 9. Other Measures of Soil Conservation NATURAL RESOURCES MINERAL RESOURCES Distribution of Minerals Mineral Belts of India Classification of Mineral Resources 1. Mineral Fuels 2. Metallic Minerals Non-Metallic Minerals BIOTIC RESOURCES Cattle Buffaloes Goat Rearing Sheep Rearing Poultry Farming SOURCES OF CONVENTIONAL ENERGY Classification Distribution Coal Deposits of the Tertiary Period Problems of Coal Industry Conservation of Coal Petroleum Crude-Oil Producing Regions 1. The Western Coast Offshore Oilfields 2. The Gujarat Coast Import Pipelines 1. Pipelines of North-East India OU Refineries of India Natural Gas Electricity Hydro-Electricity Regional Patterns Thermal Electricity Nuclear Energy NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY Solar Energy Wind Energy Ocean Energy Geothermal Energy Bio-Energy ENERGY CRISIS ENERGY CONSERVATION Agriculture LAND UTILISATION CHARACTERISTICS AND PROBLEMS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE 1. Subsistent in Character 2. Heavy Pressure of Population 3. Predominance of Food Grains 4. Mixed Cropping 5. High Percentage of the Reporting Area under Cultivation 6. Small Size of Holdings and Fragmentation of Fields 7. Limited Intensive Agriculture 8. Primitive Technology 9. Indian Agriculture is Labour Intensive 10. Rain-fed Agriculture 11. Less Area under Leguminous and Fodder Crops 12. Tradition Bound 13. Low Productivity 14. Government Policy 15. Lack of Definite Agricultural Land Use Policy 16. Lack of Marketing and Storage Facilities 17. Low Status of Agriculture in the Society 18. Land Tenancy 19. Poverty and indebtedness of the Farmers 20. Inadequacy of Extension Service 21. Inadequate Agricultural Research and Education, Training, and Extension 22. Soil Erosion and Soil Degradation 23. Other Characteristics and Problems DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE Physical Factors (a) Terrain, Topography, and Altitude (b) Climate (c) Soils 2. Institutional Factors (i) Land Tenure and Land Tenancy (ii) Land Holding LAND REFORMS 1. Abolition of Intermediaries Zamindari System Mahalwari System Ryotwari System 2. Tenancy Reforms 3. Rent Control 4. Ceiling of Landholdings 5. Consolidation of Holdings 6. Computerised Land Records INFRASTRUCTURE AND AGRICULTURAL INPUTS Irrigation Sources of Irrigation Crop Insurance Green Revolution in India Merits of the High Yielding Varieties 1. Shorter Life Cycle 2. Economise on Irrigation Water 3. Generate more Employment 4. The High Yielding Varieties are Scale Neutral 5. Easy to Adopt Geographical Constraints in the Adoption of New Seeds 1. Irrigation 2. A vailability of Chemical Fertilisers 3. Plant Protection Chemicals 4. Capital Constraint 5. Mechanisation 6. Marketing and Storage Facilities 7. Extension Service ff. Human Factor Performance of the High Yielding Varieties 9.10 and Fig. 9.11).Green Revolution and Rotation of Crops Table 9.13.Green Revolution and Regional Inequalities Intra-Regional Inequalities Intercrop Disparities Impact of Green Revolution on Farmers and Landless Labourers Large Farmers Small Farmers Tenant Farmers Landless Labourers Environmental and Ecological Implications of Green Revolution 1. Salination 2. Waterlogging 3. Soil Erosion 4. Pollution 5. Lowering of the Underground Water-Table 6. Deforestation 7. Noise Pollution 8. Health Hazards Green Revolution—Achievements Green Revolution—Problems and Prospects SECOND GREEN REVOLUTION WHITE REVOLUTION Objectives Phases of the White Revolution Phase I (1970—81)Phase II (1 981—85)Phase III (1985-2000)Achievements Problems and Prospects BLUE REVOLUTION Strategies for the Fisheries Development Problems and Prospects AQUACULTURE Growth and Development of Aquaculture Types of Aquaculture 1. Algaculture 2. Fish Farming 3. Freshwater Prawn Farming 4. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture 5. Mariculture 6. Shrimp Fanning APICULTURE (BEEKEEPING) OR GOLDEN REVOLUTION History of Beekeeping Wild Honey Harvesting Domestication of Wild Bees Invention of the Moveable Comb Hive Traditional Beekeeping Fixed Frame Hives Modern Beekeeping Movable Frame Hives Top Bar Hives Types of Beekeepers The Colony of Bees SERICULTURE Production POULTRY FARMING (SILVER REVOLUTION)Poultry Farming in India HORTICULTURE Fruits Vegetables Flowers DRY FARMING Significant Features of Dry Farming Crops Main Problems of Dry Farming Strategy for Development AGRIBUSINESS Characteristics of Agribusiness NATIONAL COMMISSION ON FARMERS INDIAN AGRICULTURE—CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS NEW NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICY Spatial Organisation of Agriculture CROPPING PATTERNS CROP CONCENTRATION The Location Quotient Method of Crop Concentration AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY Ranking Coefficient Method of Agricultural Productivity High Agricultural Productivity Medium Agricultural Productivity Low Agricultural Productivity Very Low Agricultural Productivity AGRICULTURAL INTENSITY CROP COMBINATIONS Fig. 10.4.LAND CAPABILITY Land Suitable for Cultivation Land not Suitable for Cultivation CONTRACT FARMING AGRICULTURAL REGIONALISATION 1. M. S. Randhawa's Classification of Agriculture (1958)1. The Temperate Himalayan Region 2. The Northern Dry (Wheat) Region 3. The Eastern Wet (Rice) Region 4. The Western Wet (Malabar) Region 5. The Southern Coarse (Cereals) Region 2. P. Sengupta and G. Sdasyuk's Classification of Agriculture A. Himalayan Agricultural Belt B. The Dry Agricultural Belt C. The Sub-Humid Belt D. The Wet Belt AGRO-CLIMATIC REGIONS OF INDIA 1. The Western Himalayan Region 2. The Eastern Himalayan Region 3. The Satluj Yamuna Plain 4. The Upper Ganga Plain 5. The Middle Ganga Plain 6. The Lower Ganga Plains 7. The Eastern Plateau and Hills 8. The Aravalli-Malwa Upland 9. The Plateau of Maharashtra 10. The Deccan Interior 11. The Eastern Coastal Plain 12. The Western Coastal Plains 13. The Gujarat Plains and Hills 14. The Western Region 15. The Islands Region AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS OF INDIA Methodology EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRIES INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING THE FIVE-YEAR PLANS First Five-Year Plan (1951-56)Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61)Third Five-Year Plan (1961-66)Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-74)Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-79)Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-85)Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-90)Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992-97)Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002)Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-07)Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12)INDUSTRIAL POLICY Industrial Policy, 1991 COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY Distribution and Production of Cotton Goods State-wise Maharashtra Gujarat Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Problems of the Cotton Textile Industry 1. Shortage of Raw Material 2. Obsolete Machinery 3. Erratic Power Supply 4. Strikes and Lockouts 5. Competition in Foreign Market 6. Heavy Excise Duties 7. Competition with Synthetic Fibres 8. Sick Mills JUTE TEXTILE Problems of the Jute Textile Industry 1. Shortage of Raw Material 2. Obsolete Machinery 3. International Competition 4. High Prices 5. Decrease in the Demand of Jute Products 6. Strikes and Lock-outs 7. Competition from Substitutes WOOLLEN TEXTILES Problems of the Woollen Textile Industry SILK TEXTILE Distribution IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Locational Factors Iron and Steel Plants in India 1. The Tata Iron and Steel Company (Jamshedpur)2. Burnpur, Indian Iron and Steel Company (ITSCO)3. The Bhadravati Iron and Steel Plant (VISL)4. Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant (HSL)5. Raurkela Iron and Steel Plant (Hindustan Steel Limited)6. Durgapur Iron and Steel Plant (HSL)7. Bokaro, Bharat Steel Limited (BSL)8. Salem Steel Plant 9. Vijayanagar Steel Plant 10. Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant 11. Daitari Steel Plant 12. Dolvi Steel Plant 13. Tata Steel, Kalinganagar 14. Pasco Steel, Paradwip 15. Mini-Steel Plants Problems of Iron and Steel Industry 1. Heavy Investment 2. Obsolete Technology 3. Inefficient Public Sector 4. Controlled Prices 5. Sickness of Mini-Steel Plants 6. Inadequate Supply of Coking Coal 7. Competition in the International Market ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY Important Aluminum Plants 1. The Indian Aluminium Company Ltd. (IND AL), Hirakud 2. The Aluminium Corporation of India, Jaykaynagar (near Asansol)3. The Hindustan Aluminium Corporation Ltd. (H1NDALCO), Renukoot 4. The Madras Aluminium Company Ltd. (MALCO), Mettur 5. The Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd. (BALCO), Korba 6. The National Aluminium Company Ltd. (NALCO), Koraput Trade Problems AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY Passenger Cars Jeeps Two and Three Wheelers FERTILISER INDUSTRY Fertiliser Units in India 1. The Fertiliser Corporation of India Limited (FCI)2. The National Fertilisers Limited (NFL)3. The Hindustan Fertiliser Corporation Limited (HFC)7. The Paradwip Phosphate Limited (PPL)Co-operative Sector PAPER INDUSTRY Problems of Paper Industry PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY 1. Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL)2. Hindustan Antibiotics Limited (HAL), Pimpri (Pune)3. The Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Limited (BCPL)Pharmaceutical Policy, 2002 COTTAGE INDUSTRIES Bidi-making Sports-goods Basket-making Lac Industry Others INDUSTRIAL REGIONS OF INDIA The Major Industrial Regions 1. The Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region 2. The Kolkata-Hugli Industrial Region 3. The Ahmedabad-Vadodra Industrial Region 4. The Madurai-Coimbatore-Bangalore Industrial Region 5. The Chotanagpur Industrial Region 6. The Agra-Delhi-Kalka-Saharanpur Industrial Region Minor Industrial Regions MULTINATIONALS Impact of Multinational Corporations LIBERALISATION Objectives of Special Economic Zone Historical Perspective Conditions for Ideal SEZ Special Economic Zones of India Remedial Strategy TOURISM Tourism in India 1. Nature Tourism and Hill Stations 2. Hill Stations 3. Historic Monuments and Archaeological Sites 4. Cultural and Religious Tourism 6. Adventure Tourism Problems of Indian Tourism Industry ECO-TOURISM Growth and Development of Eco-tourism 10. The Krisloskars 11. The Firodias 12. The UB Group 13. The Sarabhais 14. The Jagatjit Group 15. The Godrejs 16. The Reliance Group 17. The Wipro Group The Native and Psycho-Social Impact of Eco-tourism 1. Commercialisation 2. Direct Environmental Impact 3. Problem of Garbage and Pollution 4. Impact on Fauna and Flora Transport, Communications and Trade TRANSPORT Roads Highways and Roads Roads and Rural Development Plan Density of Roads Transform a tion of Roads Main Problems of Road-Transport Rail Transport Main Features of Indian Railways Impact of Railways on Economy and Society Merits of Railway Transport Water Transport Ports Air Transport Civil Aviation Problems Mail System International Mails Telecommunication Internet Manufacturing of Telecom Equipments Telegraph and Telephone Service Radio, Television, and Cinema Print Media Salient Features of Foreign Trade 1. Unfavourable Balance of Trade 2. More Export of Manufactured Goods 3. Worldwide Trade 4. Change in Import 6. Trade through Selected Ports 7. Insignificant Position in the International Trade 8. State Trading 9. Increasing Import of Raw Material 10. Increasing Import of Capital Goods Export Processing Zones (EPZ)General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)BALANCE OF TRADE AND BALANCE OF PAYMENT INDIA—SPACE PROGRAMME Phase I: 1960-70 Phase II: 1970-80 Phase III: 1980-90 Phase IV: 1990-2000 Phase V: 2000-2010 Major Events Cultural Setting ORIGIN OF MANKIND Subdivisions of the Human Species Race Ethnic Group HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INDIAN SOCIETY THE CASTE SYSTEM Main Features of Castes Caste and Village Community Risley's Classification of Indian Races 1. Indo-Aryans 2. Dravidians 3. The Mongoloids 4. Aryo-Dravidian 5. The Mongolo-Dravidians 6. The Scytho-Dravidians 7. The Turko-Iranian Huttons's Classification 1. The Negritoes 2. The Proto-Australoids 3. The Early Mediterraneans 4. The Advanced Mediterranean 5. The Alpines or the Pre-Vedic Aryans 6. The Nordics or the Vedic Aryans 1. The Negritoes 2. Proto-Australoids 3. Mongoloids 4. The Mediterraneans SCHEDULED TRIBES The Main Scheduled Tribes 1. North East India 2. Bihar, Jharkhand, and IFest Bengal 3. Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra 4. Odisha and Tamil Nadu 5. Gujarat 8. Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand 9. Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir 10. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Economy 1. Hunting, Fishing, and Food Gathering 2. Shifting Cultivation 3. Sedentary Cultivation and Animal Husbandry Tribal Development The Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP)The Tribal Research Institutes The Bhils The National Tribal Policy Some Important Tribes of India The Gonds The Santhals Geographical Distribution Cultural Regions of India Language as a Determinant of Cultural Region Concentration of Religious Groups DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN POPULATION India—Demographic Transition and Population Growth 1. Period of Stagnant Population 2. Period of Steady Growth of Population (1921-51)Distribution of Population