Soils

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Soils

INTRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL Humus Soil Texture Soil Structure Soil Acidity Soil Air Soil Water Soil Horizon Soil Profile CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS OF INDIA 1. Alluvial Soils 2. Red Soils 4. Desert Soils 5. Laterite Soils 6. Mountain Soils 7. Red and Black Soils 8. Grey and Brown Soils 9. Submontane Soils 10. Saline and Alkaline Soils 11. Peaty and Marshy Soils 12. Karewa Soil 13. Snowfields PROBLEMS OF INDIAN SOILS (i) Soil Erosion (ii) Declining Soil Fertility (iii) Water-Logging (iv) Saline and Alkaline Soils (v) Salt Flats CONSEQUENCES OF SOIL EROSION SOIL CONSERVATION 1. Afforestation 2. Restriction on the Felling of Trees 3. Contour Ploughing and Strip Cultivation 4. Control of Floods 5. Reclamation of Ravine and Badlands 6. Restriction on Shifting Cultivation 7. Restoration of Long Fallow 8. Reclamation of Saline and Alkaline (usar) Soil 9. Other Measures of Soil Conservation NATURAL RESOURCES MINERAL RESOURCES Distribution of Minerals Mineral Belts of India Classification of Mineral Resources 1. Mineral Fuels 2. Metallic Minerals Non-Metallic Minerals BIOTIC RESOURCES Cattle Buffaloes Goat Rearing Sheep Rearing Poultry Farming SOURCES OF CONVENTIONAL ENERGY Classification Distribution Coal Deposits of the Tertiary Period Problems of Coal Industry Conservation of Coal Petroleum Crude-Oil Producing Regions 1. The Western Coast Offshore Oilfields 2. The Gujarat Coast Import Pipelines 1. Pipelines of North-East India OU Refineries of India Natural Gas Electricity Hydro-Electricity Regional Patterns Thermal Electricity Nuclear Energy NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY Solar Energy Wind Energy Ocean Energy Geothermal Energy Bio-Energy ENERGY CRISIS ENERGY CONSERVATION

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