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Physiography
INTRODUCTIONORIGIN AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE PENINSULAR INDIAMajor Geological Formations of the Peninsular India (about 3600 million years ago)1. The Archaean Group2. The Dharwar System3. The Cuddapah System4. The Vindhyan System5. Gondwana System6. The Deccan Trap7. The Tertiary System8. The Pleistocene PeriodPhysiography and Relief Features of Peninsular India1. The North Central Highlands2. The South Central Highlands3. The Chotanagpur Plateau4. The Meghalaya Plateau and Mihir Hills5. The North Deccan (Maharashtra Plateau)6. The South Deccan7. The Western Ghats8. The Eastern ChatsSignificance of the Peninsular PlateauTHE HIMALAYASOrigin of the Himalayas(i) The Geosynclinal Origin(ii) The Plate Tectonic Origin of the HimalayasPhysiographic Divisions of the Himalayas1. The Trans-Himalayas2. The Greater Himalayas3. The Lesser Himalayas4. The Shiwaliks or Outer Himalayas/Sub-HimalayasLongitudinal Divisions of the Himalayas1. The Kashmir Himalayas2. The Himachal Himalayas3. The Kurnaun Himalayas4. The Central Himalayas5. The Eastern HimalayasThe Syntaxial Bends of the HimalayasMain Passes of HimalayasGlaciers and SnowlineIce Ages in India1. The Dharwar Ice Age2. The Gondwana Ice Age3. The Pleistocene Ice AgeThe Significance of the Himalayas1. Climatic Influence2. Defence3. Source of Perennial Rivers4. Source of Fertile Soils5. Generation of Hydroelectricity6. Forest Wealth8. Minerals10. PilgrimageTHE GREAT PLAINS OF INDIAOrigin of the Great Plains of India1. Alluviation of the Foredeep2. Infilling of a Rift Valley3. Recession of the Sea4. Remnant of the Tethys5. Recent ViewsPhysiographic Divisions of the Great Plains of India1. The Bhabar Plain2. The Tarai Tract3. The Bhangar (Hangar) Plains4. The Khadar Plains5. Delta PlainsMeso-regions of the Northern Plains of India1. The Plains of Rajasthan2. The Punjab Haryana Plains (total area 1.75 lakh sq km)3. The Ganga Plains (Total area 357,000 sq. km.)4. The Brahmaputra PlainSignificance of the Great Plains of IndiaTHE COASTAL PLAINS(i) The Gujarat Coastal Plain(ii) The West Coastal PlainThe Eastern Coastal PlainThe Indian IslandsIslands of the Bay of BengalThe Arabian Sea IslandsOffshore IslandsEARTHQUAKES IN INDIAVULCANICITYTHE DRAINAGE SYSTEMDRAINAGE PATTERN1. The Antecedent or Inconsequent Drainage2. Consequent Rivers3. Subsequent Rivers4. Superimposed, Epigenetic (Discordant) or Superinduced Drainage5. Dendritic Drainage6. Trellis Drainage7. Barbed Pattern8. Rectangular Drainage9. Radial Pattern10. Annular Pattern11. Parallel Drainage12. Deranged PatternRIVER BASINS OF INDIAThe Himalayan DrainageEvolution of the Himalayan RiversTHE MULTIPLE RIVER THEORYRIVER SYSTEMS OF THE HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE1. The Indus (Sindhu)The Jhelum (Vitasta)The Chenab (Asikni)The Ravi (Parushni or Iravati)The Beas (Vipasa or Argikiya)The Satluj (Satadru or Satudri)Ghaggar (the legendary Saraswati)2. The Ganga Basin (length 2510 km; area 861,404 sq km)The Yamuna River (length USObm-fThe Chambal (length 960 km)Chambal RavinesThe RamgangaThe ShardaThe KarnaliRiver GandakThe KosiThe TistaThe Mahananda RiverKen-RiverThe Son (length 780 km, basin: 54,000 sq km)The Damodar River3. The Brahmaputra RiverRangit RiverThe SankoshThe ManasThe SubansiriThe DhansiriThe Manipur RiverKaldan RiverBarak RiverMAIN RIVERS OF PENINSULAR INDIALuni RiverSabarmatiMahiSharavatiNarmada (length 1300 km, drainage basin 98,800 sq km)TapiEASTERLY RIVERS OF THE PENINSULAR REGIONSubernrekha (length 400 km, basin 28,000 sq km)The Brahmani (length 420 km)The Mahanadi (length 885 km, basin 141,600 sq km)The Godavari (length 1465 km, basin 312,800 sq km)The Krishna (length 1290 km, basin 259,000 sq km)The PennarThe Kaveri (length 765 km, basin 87,900 sq km)Amravathi RiverThe TambraparniRIVER REGIMESComparison of the Peninsular and the Extra-Peninsular Rivers SHIFTING COURSES OF THE RIVERSTYPES OF LAKES1. The Tectonic Lakes2. The Crater Lakes3. Glacial Lakes (Tarns)4. Fluvial Lakes5. Aeolian Lakes6. Dissolution Lakes7. Lagoons8. Landslide LakesMAIN LAKES OF INDIABhimtalBhoj WetlandChandra TaiChembarambakkam LakeChilka Lake (Chilika Lake)Dal LakeDhebar Lake (Jaisamand)Himayat SagarHussain SagarKaliveli LakeKhajjiar LakeKhecheopalri LakeKolleru LakeLoktak LakeNako LakeOsman SagarPongong TsoPulicat LakePushkar LakeRenuka LakeRoopkundSambhar LakeSasthamkotta LakeSatta or Sat TaiSuraj TaiTawa ReservoirTsongmo LakeVeeranam LakeVembanad Lake (Vembanad Kayal or Vembanad Koi)Veeranpuzha LakeVembanattu LakeWular LakeWATER RESOURCES OF INDIAWater Harvesting in IndiaRain-water HarvestingMerits of Rainwater HarvestingRainwater Harvesting PracticesGovernment StrategyTHE INTER-STATE WATER DISPUTESINTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS FOR SURFACE WATER RESOURCESThe Indus Water TreatyNATIONAL WATER GRID1. The Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal2. The Brahmaputra-Ganga Link Canal3. The Narmada Link Canal to Gujarat and Rajasthan4. The Chambal Link Canal5. Links between the Rivers of the Western Ghats to the EastGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF INDIA1. The Pre-Cambrian Crystalline Province2. Pre-Cambrian Sedimentary Rocks Province3. The Gondwana Sedimentary Province4. The Deccan Trap Province5. The Cenozoic Sedimentary Province6. The Cenozoic Fault Basin7. The Ganga Brahmaputra Alluvial Province8, The Himalayan ProvinceTHE NATIONAL WATER POLICYMAIN WATERFALLS OF INDIAAyyanar WaterfallBarakana FallsDudhsagar(Goa)Duduma Waterfall (158 m)Gokak Falls (53 m)Jog Falls (253 m)Kiliyur FallsKurtalam FallsLodh Waterfalls (also known as Buddha Ghagh Falls)Shivasamudram WaterfallSiruvani WaterfallThalaiyar Waterfall (Rattail)Vattaparai WaterfallVazhachal WaterfallSome of the other important Waterfalls in IndiaKarnatakaKeralaMaharashtraMeghalayaMizoramOdish aTamil Nadu
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