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ECOLOGY 1.3.1. Individual 1.3.2. Population 1.3.3. Community Aquatic Zones 1.3.6. Biosphere FUNCTIONS OF AN ECOSYSTEM 2.1 ENERGY FLOW 2.1.1. Trophic level interaction 2.2. FOOD CHAIN 2.2.1. Types of Food Chains ii) Detritus food chain 2.3. FOOD WEB 2.4. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS 2.4.1. Pyramid of Numbers 2.4.2. Pyramid of Biomass 2.4.3. Pyramid of Energy 2.5 POLLUTANTS AND TROPHIC LEVEL 2.5.1. Bioaccumulation 2.6. BIOTIC INTERACTION 2.6.1. Types of biotic interaction 2.7. BIO-GEO-CHEMICAL CYCLE 2.7.1. Nutrient Cycling Types of Nutrient Cycle 2.7.2. Gaseous Cycles (b) The Carbon Cycle 2.7.3. Sedimentary Cycle 2.8. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION 2.8.1. Primary Succession 2.8.1. Secondary Succession 2.8.2. Autogenic and Allogenic Succession 2.8.3. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic succession TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 3.1. TUNDRA 3.2. FOREST ECOSYSTEM 3.2.1. Coniferous forest (boreal forest):3.2.2. Temperate deciduous forest:3.2.3. Temperate evergreen forest:3.2.4. Temperate rain forests:3.2.5. Tropical rain forests:3.2.6. Tropical seasonal forests:3.2.7. Subtropical rain forests:3.3. INDIAN FOREST TYPES Champion and Seth Classification of Forest 3.3.1. Tropical Wet evergreen forests 3.3.2. Tropical Semi-evergreen forests 3.3.3. Tropical Moist deciduous forests 3.3.4. Littoral and swamp 3.3.5. Tropical Dry deciduous forest 3.3.6. Tropical Thorn forests 3.3.7. Tropical Dry evergreen forest 3.3.8. Sub tropical Broad-leaved forests 3.3.9. Sub tropical Pine forests 3.3.10. Sub tropical Dry evergreen forests 3.3.11. Montane Wet temperate forests 3.3.12. Himalayan Moist temperate Forest 3.3.13. Himalayan Dry temperate Forest 3.3.14. Sub alpine forest 3.3.15. Moist Alpine scrub 3.3.16. Dry alpine scrub Importance of Forest 3.4. DEFORESTATION 3.4.1. Causes 2) development project 3) Fuel Requirements 4) Raw Material Requirements 5) Other Causes 3.4.2. How it affects?3.5. GRASSLAND ECOSYTEM 3.5.1. Types of Grasslands 1) semi-arid zone 2) dry sub humid zone 3) moist sub humid zone 4) Humid montane regions 3.5.2. Economic importance of grasslands 3.5.3. Impact of grazing 3.5.4. Role of fire 3.6. DESERT ECOSYSTEM 3.6.1. Adaptations ( i) These plants conserve water by following methods:( ii) The animals are physiologically and behaviorally adapted to desert conditions.3.6.2. Indian Desert - Thar desert (hot)(a) Flora (b) Fauna 3.6.3. Cold Desert/ Temperate Desert 3.6.4. Characters 3.7. DESERTIFICATION Causes 3.7.1. Status of Indian desertification Control measures 3.7.2. Afforestation 3.8 INDIAN STATE OF FOREST REPORT, 2017 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM 4.1. AQUATIC ORGANISMS i) Neuston:iii) Plankton:iv) Nekton:v) Benthos:4.1.1. Factors Limiting the Productivity of Aquatic Habitats Sunlight:Photic zone:Dissolved oxygen:Transparency:4.2.1. Ageing of Lakes 4.2.2. In India 4.2.4. Removal of the nutrients from a lake Ameenpur Lake - First Biodiversity Heritage Site 4.3.1. Types 2. Manmade 4.3.2. Sources Trees 2. Non-point source FLOW CHART 4.3.2. Effects New species invasion Mitigation Policies 4.4. HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS 4.4.2. Why Red Tide is a misnomer?4.4.3. What are the causes of these blooms?4.4.4. How are HABs dangerous to fish and humans?4.4.5. Is HAB’s an environmental hazard?4.4.6. How do we get exposed to HAB toxins?4.4.7. Is it safe to eat seafood?4.4.8. HABs and Climate Change 4.5. WET LAND ECOSYSTEM 4.5.1. Definition 4.5.2. Characteristics 4.5.4. Functions of Wetlands 4.5.5. Reasons for depletion 4.5.6. Mitigation 4.5.7. Distinction from Lakes 4.5.9. India’s Wetlands 4.5.10. National Wetlands Conservation Programme (NWCP)4.5.11. Criteria for Identification of Wetlands of National Importance 4.5.12. Montreux Record Montreux Record sites in India Neknampur Lake - First FTW Lake 4.6. ESTUARY ECOSYSTEM 4.6.1. Characters Estuary Formation:4.6.2. A Healthy Estuary 4.6.3. Life in Estuary 4.6.4. Benefits of Estuarine Ecosystem Environmental Benefits 4.6.5. India Estuarine Ecosystem 4.6.6. Issues of Indian Estuarine Ecosystem 1. Water flow 2. Pollution & Water Quality 3. Recreation And Tourism 4. Ports & Shipping 5. Land-use 6. Commercial Fishing & Aquaculture 7. Climate Change Do you know?4.7. MANGROVES 4.7.1. Characteristics of mangroves 4.7.2. Mangrove profile in India 4.7.3. Role of mangroves 4.7.4. Threat 4.8. CORAL REEFS 4.8.2. Features 4.8.3. Classification and their location 4.8.4. Functions of Coral Reefs 4.8.5. Threat 4.8.6. Coral Bleaching 4.8.7. Ecological causes of coral bleaching Temperature (Major Cause)Solar Irradiance Subaerial Exposure Sedimentation Fresh Water Dilution Xenobiotics Epizootics 4.10.1. Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System (COMAPS)4.10.2. Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)4.10.3. Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM)4.10.4. Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM)4.10.5. Institutions for Coastal Management 4.11. GANGA ACTION PLAN 4.12. NAMAMI GANGA PROGRAM Following are proposed to be taken up under NamamiGange program:NRI Ganga Fund 4.13 CLEAN GANGA FUND Broad activities that will be financed from the Clean Ganga Fund (CGF) Fund are:Recent Measures ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 5.1. POLLUTANTS 5.1.1. Classifications 5.1.2. Causes of pollution 5.2. AIR POLLUTION 5.2.1. Major air pollutants and their sources Carbon monoxide (CO)Carbon dioxide (CO2)Chloroflorocarbons (CFC)Lead Ozone Sulphur dioxide (SO2)5.2.2. Smog The effects of smog 5.2.3. Indoor air pollution (a) Rural (b) Urban Pollutants 5.2.4. Fly Ash Composition How it is collected?Environmental effects?5.2.6. Control Measures Control measures:5.2.7. Government Initiatives 5.2.8. Air Pollution in India 5.2.9. Measures to control/ mitigate Delhi Air pollution 5.3. WATER POLLUTION 2. Diffuse or non-point source.3) Agricultural sources:4) Thermal Pollution:5) Underground water pollution:6) Marine pollution:5.3.2. Effects of Water Pollution DO , BOD, COD 2. Effects on human health:3. Hazards of ground water pollution:5.3.3. Control Measures 5.4. SOIL POLLUTION 5.4.1. Causes 5.4.3. Types of Soil Pollution 5.4.4. Effects of soil pollution on 5.5. NOISE POLLUTION 5.5.1. Ambient Noise Level Monitoring 5.5.2. Impacts of noise 5.5.3. Control 1. Control at source 2. Control in the transmission path 3. Using protective equipment.5.6. RADIO ACTIVE POLLUTION 5.6.1. Radioactive Pollution 5.6.2. Types of Radiations 5.6.3. Types of radiation particles 5.6.4. Sources Natural 5.6.5. Effects 5.6.6. Control Measures 5.7. E — WASTE 5.7.2. E - Waste in India 5.8. SOLID WASTE 5.8.1. Plastic Waste 5.8.2. Source of generation of waste plastics 5.8.3. Effects 5.8.4. Types b) Hazardous waste 5.8.5. Treatment and disposal of solid waste ii) Landfills vii) Vermiculture 5.9 THERMAL POLLUTION Major sources Ecological Effects — Warm Water Ecological Effects — Cold Water Control Measures 5.10 PLASTIC POLLUTION Plastics as a Waste Material- in Marine Environment Impact of Microparticles Plastics as a Waste Material- in Land Environment 5.11. BIOREMEDIATION 5.11.1. Bioremediation Strategies (b) Ex situ bioremediation techniques 5.11.2. Genetic engineering approaches Types Mycoremediation 5.12. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND HEALTH First Second Third Fourth 5.13 ACID RAIN 5.14 . TYPES OF ACID DEPOSITION (a) Wet Deposition Do you know?(b) Dry Deposition The pH scale 5.14.1. Sources of compounds causing acid rain 5.14.2. Common characteristics of acid rain areas:World scenario In India 5.14.3. Chemistry of Acid Rain 5.14.4. Impact Of Acid Rain 5.14.5. Trigger Effect of Acid Rain on Pollutants:5.14.5. Control Measures:5.15 CATEGORIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL SECTORS RENEWABLE ENERGY Source 6.1.3 Photovoltaic Electricity Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) or solar thermal technology 6.1.4 Potential of solar energy in India 6.1.5 Installed capacity - India 6.16 International Solar Alliance Objectives What is the need for LSCs?Ideal LSC Challenges for LSC 6.3 WIND ENERGY 6.3.1 Wind farm 6.3.2 Working of wind turbines 6.3.3 Two types of wind turbines 6.3.4 Potential of wind energy in India 6.3.5 Capacity installed 6.4 . HYDRO POWER 6.4.1 Types of hydro power stations (1) Impoundment (2) Diversion (3) Pumped storage 6.4.2 Small Hydro Power (SHP)6.4.3 Small Hydro Potential in India 6.4.4 Installed capacity 6.5 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY Wave energy Tidal energy Biomass Anaerobic Digestion/Biomethanation Combustion/Incineration Pyrolysis/Gasification 6.6 COGENERATION Potential in India 6.7 WASTE TO ENERGY 6.7.1 Potential of waste-to-energy 6.7.2 . Major Constraints Faced by the Indian Waste to Energy Sector 6.8 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY How is it captured Potential in India Orogenic regions:Non-orogenic regions:Potential Sites:Recent Developments:Transmission barrier 6. 9 FUEL CELLS Fuel cells for automobile transport Fuel cells for power generation Constraint REN21 Conclusion ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 7.1. INDIAN HIMALAYAN REGION IHR Services Role in Indian climate.IMPACT - SOLID WASTE IMPACT - TOWN PLANNING Ban on Plastic in HP Conservation of Dal lake Urban Development through JNNURM Recommendations / solutions - Hill Town Planning and Architectural Norms (B) TOURISM - WILL IT BE REGULATED?Impact - of Commercial Tourism INITIATIVES This can be done through:Ladakh Himalayan Homestays- Transforming Local Mindsets towards Snow Leopards Adventure tourism Tourism + art and culture 7.2 SAND MINING IN INDIA -ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Economic consequences of sand mining Environmental consequences of sand mining Suggestions Guidelines for Sustainable Sand & Minor Mineral Mining 7.3 PALM OIL — ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PALM OIL PRODUCTION INDIA and OIL PALM Palm oil in India - Production State-wise Palm Oil Production in India Policies Related to Production and Distribution of Palm Oil Subsidies for distribution of imported palm oil:RSPO impact 7.4 . COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER CAUSES Malnutrition Metal Pollution Stress Habitat loss How can we Protect Bees?Neonicotinoids 7.5 WILDLIFE (ELEPHANT, LEOPARD, ETC) DEATHS DUE TO COLLISION WITH TRAINS What has to be done?7.6 . IMPACT OF RADIATION FROM MOBILE PHONE TOWERS ON HUMAN BEINGS AND WILDLIFE Health Impacts What are the responsibilities of Stakeholders?7.7 GENETICALLY ENGINEERED (GE) TREES Historical background Is GE trees safer than GM crops?Who are behind developing GE trees and why?In INDIA 7.8 MOEF BANNED DOLPHIN CAPTIVITY Dolphinariums in India MoEF order 7.9 PROHIBITION OF REMOVAL OF SHARK FINS IN THE SEA 7.10 COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN INDIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT The Need for EIA Environmental impact assessment (EIA)8.2 THE EIA CYCLE AND PROCEDURES 8.2.1 Screening 8.2.2 Scoping 8.2.3 Baseline Data 8.2.4 Impact Prediction Air Noise Water Land Biological Impact on breeding and nesting grounds Socio-Economic Impact on economic status 8.2.6 Public Hearing 8.2.7 . Environment Management Plan 8.2.8 Decision Making 8.2.9 Monitoring the Clearance Conditions Salient Features of 2006 Amendment 8.3 COMPONENTS OF EIA Air Environment Noise Environment Water Environment Biological Environment Land Environment Socio-economic and Health Environment Risk Assessment Environment Management Plan 8.4 . KEY ELEMENTS OF AN INITIAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND SCOPING 8.4.1 Project Location(s)The siting criteria delineated by MoEF include:PROCEDURE FOR PUBLIC HEARING (2) Notice of Public Hearing: -(3) Composition of public hearing panel: -DRAW BACKS Composition of expert committees and standards:Public hearing:Quality:RECOMMENDATIONS Do you know?Grant of clearance:Monitoring, compliance and institutional arrangements:Redressal:List of Environmentally Sensitive Places Do you know?ENVIRONMENT SUPPLEMENT PLAN (ESP)Proposals under ESP Positives Negatives:PARIVESH (Pro-Active and Responsive facilitation by Interactive, Virtuous and Environmental Single-window Hub)BIODIVERSITY 9.1. BIODIVERSITY 9.1.1. Levels of Biodiversity (a) Genetic diversity:9.1.2. Measurement of Biodiversity 9.1.3. Biodiversity and Food Web 9.1.4. Services provided by Biodiversity:(c) Social services 9.1.5. Causes for Biodiversity Loss (a) Natural causes (b) Man-Made causes 9.1.6. Biodiversity conservation 9.1.7. Modes of Conservation Constraints in biodiversity conservation 9.1.8. Botanical garden Purpose of botanical gardens 9.1.9. ZOO 9.2. THE RED DATA BOOK 9.2.1. Extinct (EX)9.2.2. Extinct in the Wild (EW)9.2.3. Critically Endangered (CR)criteria 9.2.4. Endangered (EN)criteria 9.2.5. Vulnerable (VU)criteria 9.2.6. Near Threatened (NT)9.2.7. Least Concern (LC)9.2.8. Data Deficient (DD)9.2.9. Not Evaluated (NE)INDIAN BIODIVERSITY DIVERSE 10.1. INDIA REPRESENTS:b) Biomes of India:d) Bio-geographic provinces.10.2. FAUNA 10.2.1. Vertebrates Aves Mammals 10.2.2. Invertebrates Annelids Mollusks Echinoderms Protozoa Crustaceans Insects Arachnids 10.3. FLORAL DIVERSITY 1. Algae 2. Fungi:3. Bacteria 4. Lichens 5. Bryophytes 6. Pteridophytes 7. Gymnosperms 10.3.2. Floral endemism - order 10.3.3. Crop genetic diversity 10.3.4. Livestock genetic diversity 8. Angiosperms:10.4. WILDLIFE OF INDIA 10.4.1. Himalayan mountain system (1) Himalayan foothills (2) Western Himalayas (High altitude region)(3) Eastern Himalayas.10.4.2. Peninsular - Indian sub-region (1). Peninsular India.(2) Indian desert.10.4.3. Tropical rain forest region 10.4.4. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 10.4.5. Mangrove swamps of Sunderbans SCHEDULE ANIMALS OF WPA 1972 11.1. SCHEDULE LIST-WPA, 1972 Schedule 1 and part II of Schedule 2 Schedule 3 and schedule 4 schedule 5 Schedule 6 ANIMAL DIVERSITY OF INDIA 12.1. MAMMALS - CRITICALLY ENDANGERED 12.1.1. Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania)12.1.3. Kondana Rat (Millardia kondana)12.1.4. The Large Rock Rat or Elvira Rat (Cremnomys elvira)12.1.5. The Namdapha Flying Squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi)12.1.6. The Malabar Civet (Viverra civettina)12.1.7. The Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)12.1.8. Kashmir stag/ hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu)12.2. MARINE MAMMALS 12.2.1. Freshwater / river dolphin 12.2.2. Ganges river dolphin 12.2.3. Indus river dolphin 12.2.4. Herbivorous Marine Mammals 12.2.5. Dugong 12.2.6. Manatees 12.3. FEW EXCEPTIONS 12.3.1. Egg Laying Mammals 12.3.2. Marsupials 12.4. BIRDS - CRITICALLY ENDANGERED 12.4.1. The Jerdon’s Courser 12.4.2. The Forest Owlet 12.4.3. The White-bellied Heron 12.4.4. The Bengal Florican 12.4.5. The Himalayan Quail 12.4.6. Pink- headed Duck 12.4.7. Sociable Lapwing (Vanellus gregarious)12.4.8. Spoon Billed Sandpiper 12.8.9. Siberian Crane 12.5. CORALS 12.5.1. Fire corals 12.6. BIRD’S MIGRATION 12.6.1. Reasons for migration 12.7. WILDLIFE DISEASES 12.8.1. Natural extinctions 12.8.2. Artificial Extinction 12.9. MAN - ANIMAL CONFLICT Causes Impacts PLANT DIVERSITY OF INDIA 13.1. PLANT CLASSIFICATION 13.2. EFFECT OF ABIOTIC COMPONENTS ON PLANTS 13.2.1. Intensity of light on growth of plants 13.2.2. Effect of frost on plants 13.2.3. Effects of Snow on plants 13.2.4. Effect of temperature on plants 13.2.5. Die back Causes for die back 13.3. INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS 13.3.1. The Indian Hunters Medicinal properties 13.3.2. Threat 13.4. INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES 13.4.3. Some Invasive fauna in India are:13.4.1. Invasion and Species Richness?13.4.2. Effects 13.5. SOME INVASIVE ALIEN FLORA OF INDIA 13.5.1. Needle Bush 13.5.2. Black Wattle 13.5.3. Goat weed 13.5.4. Alternanthera paronychioides 13.5.5. Prickly Poppy 13.5.6. Blumea eriantha 13.5.7. Palmyra, Toddy Palm 13.5.8. Calotropis / Madar, Swallo Wort 13.5.9. Datura, Mad Plant, Thorn Apple 13.5.10. Water Hyacinth 13.5.11. Impatiens, Balsam 13.5.13. Ipomoea / the pink morning glory 13.5.13 . Lantana camara / Lantana, Wild Sage 13.5.14 . Black Mimosa 13.5.15 . Touch-Me-Not, Sleeping Grass 13.5.16 . 4 ‘0’ clock plant.13.5.17 . Parthenium / Congress grass, Parthenium 13.5.18 . Prosopis juliflora / Mesquite 13.5.19 . Townsend grass 13.6. MEDICINAL PLANTS 13.6.1. Beddomes Cycad / Perita / Kondaitha 13.6.2. Blue vanda / Autumn Ladies Tresses Orchid 13.6.3. Kuth / Kustha / Pooshkarmoola / Uplet 13.6.4. Ladies Slipper Orchid 13.6.5. Red vanda 13.6.6. Sarpagandha 13.6.7. Ceropegia species.13.6.8. Emodi / Indian Podophyllum 13.6.9. Tree Ferns 13.6.10. Cycads 13.6.11. Elephant’s foot 13.7. TREE CHARACTERS 13.7.1. Types of Trees:13.7.2. Parts of a Tree:Crown:Leaves:Branches:Trunk:13.7.3. Parts of the Trunk:Bark:Cambium:Heartwood:Pith:13.7.4. Root types 13.7.5. Canopy classification-13.7.6. Other characters MARINE ORGANISMS 14.1 PLANKTON 14.2 PHYTOPLANKTON 14.2.1. Factors Affecting Phytoplanktons Biodiversity Light Temperature Distribution 14.2.2. Importance of phytoplankton 14.2.3. Phytoplankton - the Carbon Cycle and climate change 14.3. ZOOPLANKTON 14.4. SEA-GRASS 14.4.1. Functions 14.4.2. Threats to sea grass beds 14.4.4. Management 14.5.1. Functions of seaweeds 14.5.2. Uses of seaweeds 14.5.3. Harmful effects of seaweeds 14.5.4. Threats to seaweeds PROTECTED AREA NETWORK 15.1. PROTECTED AREAS (PA)15.2. WILD LIFE SANCTUARY (WLS)National Park (NP)Difference between the two 15.2.1. General Provision for Sanctuary and National Park Declaration of the Protected Area by the State Government:Declared by the Central Government:Boundaries Claim of rights:15.3. CONSERVATION RESERVE AND COMMUNITY RESERVES 15.3.1. Conservation Reserves 15.3.2. Community Reserve 15.4. COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS 15.5. SACRED GROVES OF INDIA 15.5.1. Classification of Sacred Groves 15.5.2. Ecological Significance 15.5.3. Distribution of Sacred Groves in India 15.5.4. Threats to the Sacred Groves 15.6. EXPORT - PROHIBITED GOODS 15.7. THE MAN AND BIOSPHERE (MAB)15.8. BIOSPHERE RESERVE (BR)15.8.1. Definition 15.8.3. Characteristics of Biosphere reserve 15.8.4. Functions of Biosphere Reserves Beneficiaries 15.8.5. National Biosphere Reserve Programme.15.8.6. Criteria for selection of BRs Secondary criteria 15.8.7. Structure and Design of Biosphere 1. The Core Zone:2. The Buffer Zone:3. The Transition Zone:15.8.8. How Biosphere Reserves are different from protected areas?However, the Biosphere Reserves differ from protected areas due to their emphasis on:15.9. WORLD NETWORK OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES (WNBR)15.9.1. The World Network 15.10. BIODIVERSITY HOT SPOTS 15.10.1. The hottest hot spots Factors 1. The Eastern Himalayas Hot Spot About the region:2. Indo-Burma 3. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka:15.11. BIODIVERSITY COLDSPOTS 15.12. WORLD HERITAGE SITES 15.11.1 Criteria International Day for Biological Diversity - 22 May CONSERVATION EFFORTS 16.1. PROJECT TIGER Aim 16.1.1. Tiger Reserve a) Core zone b) Buffer zone 16.1.1 National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA):Powers and functions:16.1.2. Estimation of Tiger Populations Phase IV”Innovations In 2010 National Tiger assessment Tiger Population Estimates 16.1.3 International Cooperation Asian Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation.16.2. PROJECT ELEPHANT Objectives:16.2.1. Elephant Corridor 16.2.2. Threats to Elephant Corridors 16.2.4. Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) Programme 16.2.3. Mitigation 16.2.5. Haathi Mere Saathi 16.2.6. Elephant - 8 Ministerial Meeting 16.2.7. E-50:50 forum 16.3. VULTURE 16.3.1 . Diclofenac Sodium as the Probable Cause 16.3.2 . Meloxicam - An Alternative 16.3.3 . Banned but still in use 16.3.4 . Significance of vultures in India 16.3.5 . Without vultures 16.3.6 . Vulture Safety Zones 16.3.7 . VSZ’s provide:16.3.8 . Zones 16.3.9 . What have to be done?16.3.10 . Vulture Restaurants Benefits 16.3.11 . Breeding Centres in India 16.3.12 . Measures taken to Conserve Vultures 16.3.13 . India‘S Role in Conservation 16.3.14 . Save - Saving Asia’s Vultures From Extinction.Partners 16.4. ONE HORN RHINO 16.4.1. Indian Rhino Vision 2020 16.4.2. Why?16.5. PROJECT SNOW LEOPARD 16.5.1. Project Snow Leopard - Jan 2009 Aim:Goal:Location:16.5.2. Why to conserve the high altitude ecosystem?16.6 SECURE HIMALAYA Focus areas 16.7. SEA TURTLE PROJECT 16.8. INDIAN CROCODILE CONSERVATION PROJECT 16.9. PROJECT HANGUL 16.10. CAPTIVE BREEDING 16.11. DOLPHIN 16.12 GOVERNMENT MEASURES TAKEN TO PREVENT THE MENACE OF WILD ANIMAL’S ENTRY TO HUMAN HABITATS 16.13. INDIA ADOPTS SAWEN CLIMATE CHANGE 17.1. GLOBAL WARMING 1 7.1.1. Global Warming - Impacts 17.2. GREENHOUSE EFFECT 17.3. GREEN HOUSE GASES 17.3.1. Water vapour 17.3.3. METHANE 17.3.4. NITROUS OXIDE 17.3.5. FLUORINATED GASES 17.3.6. BLACK CARBON 17.3.7. Brown Carbon 17.4. CLIMATE FORCINGS How to estimate the effect of each gas?17.5. GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL 17.6. RECEDING GLACIERS-A SYMPTOM OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 17.6.1. Impact of glacial retreat OCEAN ACIDIFICATION 18.1. OCEAN ACIDIFICATION Forms of calcium carbonate 18.1.1. CO2 effect on ocean acidification 18.1.2. Influence of other factors 18.1.3. Effect of ocean acidification 18.1.4. Mitigation 18.1.5. Saturation horizons 18.1.6. Ocean acidification and the short and long-term fate of carbon in the system UPWELLING 18.1.7. Winners and losers OZONE DEPLETION 19.1. OZONE DEPLETION 19.1.1. Change in equilibrium CFC substitutes - characteristics Monitoring the Ozone Layer 19.1.4. Role of polar stratospheric clouds in ozone depletion.19.1.5. Why is the Ozone Depletion predominant at the Antarctic?19.1.6. Arctic Ozone Depletion How ozone is measured?The Umheher technique 19.1.7. Environmental Effects Of Ozone Do you know?IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 20.1. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY 20.1.1. Impacts on Indian agriculture 20.2. WATER STRESS AND WATER INSECURITY 2 0.2.1. Impacts on water situation in India 20.3. RISE IN SEA LEVELS 20.3.1. Impacts on Coastal States in India 20.4. ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO-DIVERSITY 20.5. IMPACTS ON INDIA’S BIODIVERSITY 20.6. CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTH MITIGATION STRATEGIES 21.1. CARBON SEQUESTRATION:21.2. CARBON SINK 21.3. CARBON CREDIT:21.4. CARBON OFFSETTING:21.5. CARBON TAX:21.6. GEO-ENGINEERING:INDIA AND CLIMATE CHANGE 22.1. INDIA’S POSITION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 22.2. OBSERVED CLIMATE AND WEATHER CHANGES IN INDIA 22.2.1. Surface Temperature 22.2.2. Rainfall 22.2.3. Extreme Weather Events 22.2.4. Rise in Sea Level 22.2.5. Impacts on Himalayan Glaciers 22.3. CURRENT ACTIONS FOR ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION 22.3.1. AGRICULTURE 22.3.2. CROP IMPROVEMENT 22.3.3. DROUGHT PROOFING 22.3.4. FORESTRY 22.3.5. WATER 22.3.6. COASTAL REGIONS 22.3.7. HEALTH 22.3.8. DISASTER MANAGEMENT 22.4. INDIA’S NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE 22.4.1. NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION 22.4.2. THE NATIONAL MISSION FOR ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY (NMEEE)22.4.3. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 22.4.5. NATIONAL MISSION FOR SUSTAINING THE HIMALAYAN ECOSYSTEM (NMSHE)22.4.9. National Bio-Energy Mission 22.5 INDC 22.6. INDIAN NETWORK ON CLIMATE CHANGE ASSESSMENT 22.6.1. INCCA - First Assessment ‘India: Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2007 ’22.6.2. INCCA - Second Assessment ‘Climate Change and India: A 4x4 Assessment’22.7. NATIONAL COMMUNICATION (NATCOM)22.8. INDIA’S POLICY STRUCTURE RELEVANT TO GHG MITIGATION 22.9. INTRODUCTION OF LABELLING PROGRAMME FOR APPLIANCES 22.10. ENERGY CONSERVATION BUILDING CODE 22.10.1. Green Building 22.10.2. Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)22.11. ENERGY AUDITS OF LARGE INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS 22.12. MASS TRANSPORT 22.13. CLEAN AIR INITIATIVES 22.14. PROMOTION OF ENERGY SAVING DEVICES 22.15. PROMOTION OF BIOFUELS 22.16. INDIAN SOLAR LOAN PROGRAMME 22.17. NATIONAL INITIATIVE ON CLIMATE RESILIENT AGRICULTURE (NICRA)22.17.1. Objective 22.18. BSE-GREENEX 22.19 FAME-INDIA PROGRAMME 22.20. LONG TERM ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATORIES (LTEO)22.21. THE NATIONAL ADAPTATION FUND FOR CLIMATE CHANGE (NAFCC)22.22. OTHER “CRITICAL INITIATIVES”CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS 23.1. UNFCCC 23.2. KYOTO PROTOCOL: COP-3.23.2.1. Targets 23.2.2. The objectives of Kyoto mechanisms:23.2.3. Non-Compliance of Kyoto And Penalties 23.3. BALI MEET:23.3.1. Bali Roadmap 23.4. COP 15 COPENHAGEN SUMMIT:23.5. COP 16 CANCUN SUMMIT 23.5.1. Cancun Agreements 23.5.2. Mechanism of COP 16 23.6. COP 17 DURBAN SUMMIT 23.7 DOHA OUTCOMES COP 18, 2012 Amendment of the Kyoto Protocol Completion of new infrastructure 23.8 WARSAW OUTCOMES,COP 19, 2013 Closing the pre-2020 ambition gap 23.9 LIMA OUTCOMES,COP 20, 2014 Steps Forward on Adaptation New climate action portal Lima Work Programme on Gender UNFCCC NAMA Day Climate action on the ground celebrated 23.10 PARIS CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE COP 21, 2015 Objectives of the Paris Agreement 23.11 MARRAKECH CLIMATE CHANGE Finance Global Stocktake “Orphan” issues Adaptation Fund 2018 Facilitative Dialogue Mid-century Strategies Finance Loss and Damage 23.12 BONN CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE - COP23, 2017 Key outcomes agreed at the UN climate talks in Bonn Powering Past Coal Alliance Fiji’s COP Talanoa Dialogue Insu Resilience Global Partnership COP24 23.13. OTHER MECHANISMS OF UNFCCC 23.14. REDD & REDD+23.15. THE GEF 23.16. CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE 23.17. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC)23.17.1. Assessment Reports 23.18. NATIONAL GREEN HOUSE GAS INVENTORIES PROGRAMME (NGGIP)Mandate 23.19. GREEN ECONOMY Measures to adapt green economy 23.20 THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY (TEEB)Objective Aim 23.21 ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT 23.22 . GLOBAL CLIMATE FINANCE ARCHITECTURE Strategic Climate Fund Forest Investment Program Pilot Program for Climate Resilience Scaling-Up Renewable Energy Program for Low Income Countries Biocarbon Fund Clean Technology Fund Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Partnership for Market Readiness Special Climate Change Fund Strategic Priority on Adaptation GEF Trust Fund - Climate Change focal area Least Developed Countries Fund Green Climate Fund Adaptation Fund Global Climate Change Alliance Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund MDG Achievement Fund - Environment and Climate Change thematic window UN-REDD Programme Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Program Amazon Fund (Fundo Amazonia)Congo Basin Forest Fund Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund AGRICULTURE 24.1 AGRICULTURE Scope and Importance of Agriculture Problems of Indian Agriculture 24.2 CROP AND ITS CLASSIFICATIONS Classification based on climate Classification Based on growing season Stem Fibres Classification based on life of crops/duration of crops:24.3 TILLAGE Types of preparatory tillage 24.3 CROPPING 24.4 FARMING SYSTEMS Definitions Wetland farming Garden land/ irrigated Dry land farming Dry land farming Rain fed farming Mixed Farming Specialized Farming 24.5 CROP ROTATION Principles of crop rotation 24.6 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 24.7 ORGANIC FARMING Components of organic farming Organic farming -Components:Eco-farming:24.8 PERMACULTURE 24.9 INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM 24.10 ELEMENTS REQUIRED IN PLANT GROWTH Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)24.12 WEEDS Sprinkler Irrigation Drip irrigation:Terracing:24.13 SOIL Soil Components Podzolization:Laterization:Gleization:Salinization:Desalinization:Solonization or Alkalization:Solodization or dealkalization:Desertification Salinization Water logging 24.14 STAGES OF SOIL EROSION System of Rice Intensification (SRI)ACTS AND POLCIES 25.1. WILD LIFE PROTECTION ACT 1972 25.1.1. Constitutional Provisions 25.1.2. The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 25.1.3. Salient features of the Act:25.2. ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 25.3.1. Objectives 25.3.2. The major achievements of National Forest Policy, 1988,25.4.1. Objectives 25.5.1. FRA is a potential tool 25.5.2. Salient Features 25.6 GREEN HIGHWAYS (PLANTATION, TRANSPLANTATION, BEAUTIFICATION 25.7 CHEMICAL SAFETY 25.8 COASTAL REGULATION ZONE, 2011 CRZ-I CRZ-II CRZ-III CRZ-IV 25.9 ISLAND PROTECTION ZONE NOTIFICATION, 2011 25.10 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES, 2016 Time frame Duties of Waste generator Duties of Ministry of Urban Development Promotion of waste to energy plant 25.11 HAZARDOUS WASTE The salient features 25.12 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES, 2016 The salient features are:25.13 BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES, 2016 The salient features Amendment Rules, 2018 25.14 E-WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES, 2016 Salient features Amendment Rules, 2018 25.15 PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES, 2016 Salient features Amendment Rules, 2018 25.16 WETLANDS (CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT) RULES 2017 Key features Shortfalls 25.17 NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL (NGT)25.18 THE OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES RULES INSTITUTIONS AND MEASURES 26.1 NATIONAL WILDLIFE ACTION PLAN Strategy for Action 26.2 NATIONAL AFFORESTATION AND ECO-DEVELOPMENT BOARD National Afforestation Programme 26.3 COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION FUND MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING AUTHORITY (CAMPA)26.4 JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT (JFM)26.5 SOCIAL FORESTRY 26.6 NATIONAL BAMBOO MISSION Objectives of the Mission Strategy of the Mission 26.7 COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION INDEX (CEPI)26.8 LIGHTING A BILLION LIVES (LABL)26.9 ECO MARK 26.10 URBAN SERVICES ENVIRONMENTAL RATING SYSTEM (USERS)26.11 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION & RURAL LIVELIHOOD 26.12 NATIONAL CLEAN ENERGY FUND 26.13 NATIONAL MISSION FOR ELECTRIC MOBILITY Barriers 26.14 SCIENCE EXPRESS - BIODIVERSITY SPECIAL (SEBS)26.15 ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION, AWARENESS & TRAINING (EEAT) SCHEME 26.16 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AWARENESS CAMPAIGN (NEAC)26.17 ECO-CLUBS (NATIONAL GREEN CORPS)26.18 MANGROVES FOR THE FUTURE Mission ORGANIZATIONS 27.1 THE ANIMAL WELFARE BOARD OF INDIA Functions 27.2 CENTRAL ZOO AUTHORITY Functions Powers 27.3 THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY (NBA) — CHENNAI.Objectives of the NBA Main functions:Transfer of biological resource or knowledge The State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs)27.4 WILDLIFE CRIME CONTROL BUREAU (WCCB)Functions 27.5 NATIONAL LAKE CONSERVATION PLAN (NLCP)Objective Activities Covered Under NLCP 27.6 NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY (NGRBA)These include 27.7 WILDLIFE TRUST OF INDIA INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 28.1 MAJOR ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS Nature conservation Hazardous material Land Marine environment Atmosphere 1. United Nations Conference On Environment And Development (UNCED)2. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity 28.2 AICHI BIODIVERSITY TARGETS Strategic Goal B:Strategic Goal C:Strategic Goal E:28.3 RAMSAR CONVENTION ON WETLANDS 28.4. CITES 28.5. TRAFFIC: THE WILDLIFE TRADE MONITORING NETWORK 28.6. CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES (CMS)28.7. COALITION AGAINST WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING (CAWT)28.8 THE INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION (ITTO)28.9. UNITED NATIONS FORUM ON FORESTS (UNFF)Principal Functions 28.10. IUCN 28.11. THE GLOBAL TIGER FORUM (GTF)28.12 THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON POP 28.13 BASEL CONVENTION 28.14 ROTTERDAM CONVENTION 28.15. UNCCD 28.16. INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION 28.17. VIENNA CONVENTION 28.18 KIGALI AGREEMENT 28.19. GLOBALLY IMPORTANT 28.20. MINAMATA CONVENTION The Minamata Convention requires that party nations:ENVIRONMENT ISSUES AND 29.1 TOXICOLOGY EFFECTS Rem Iodine - 131 Lead Mercury Fluorine DDT LEAD IN PAINTS TRANSFAT HIGH CAFFEINE IN ENERGY DRINKS PESTICIDE IN HUMAN BLOOD TESTING OF PESTICIDE TOXICITY 29.2 DISEASES CAUSED BY 29.4 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS Adaptation Adaptation Fund Adaptation Committee Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)Bali Action Plan (BAP)Bali Road Map Biomass fuels or biofuels Carbon market Cartagena Group Certified emission reductions (CER)Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)“CO2equivalent”?Coalition for Rainforest Nations Emission reduction unit (ERU)Emissions trading Fugitive fuel emissions Global warming potential (GWP)Greenhouse gases (GHGs)“Hot air”Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF)Least Developed Countries Fund Protocol Quantified Emissions Limitation and Reduction Commitments (QELROs)Registries, registry systems Rio Conventions Rio+20 Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF)“Spill-over effects” (also referred to as “rebound effects” or “take-back effects”)Umbrella group 2 degrees C goal 1. Ramsar wetland sites in India 2. Tiger Reserves of India 5. Biosphere reserves 7. Natural World Heritage Sites 3. Elephant Reserves of India