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♤ Ex situ -involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere.
♤ Landfarming - contaminated soil is excavated and spread over a prepared bed and periodically tilled [] until pollutants are degraded.The goal is to stimulate indigenous biodegradative microorganisms and facilitate their aerobic degradation of contaminants.
♤ Biopiles - it is a hybrid of landfarming and composting. Essentially, engineered cells are constructed as aerated composted piles. Typically used for treatment of surface contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons.
♤ Bioreactors - it involves the processing of contaminated solid material (soil, sediment, sludge) or water through an engineered containment system.
♤ Composting - dealt earlier in solid waste management
Using bioremediation techniques, TERI has developed a mixture of bacteria called ‘oilzapper’ which degrades the pollutants of oil-contaminated sites, leaving behind no harmful residues. This technique is not only environment friendly, but also highly costeffective.