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♤ Over exploitation of target fish stock due to increased demand (e.g., all the Indian estuaries)
♤ Reclaiming the fringed areas for intensive aquaculture in pens ,
♤ obstructing the migratory routes of fish and prawn recruitment (e.g., Chilika, Pulicat)
♤ Polluting the environment through feeding of stocked fish and prawn in pens (Chilika)
♤ Destruction of biodiversity through prawn seed collection and operation of small-meshed nets (e.g., Hooghly, Chilika, Pulicat)