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(a) Ex-situ conservation: Conserving biodiversity outside the areas where they naturally occur is known as exsitu conservation.
♤ Here, animals are reared or plants are cultivated like zoological parks or botanical gardens. Reintroduction of an animal or plant into the habitat from where it has become extinct is another form of ex situ conservation.
♤ For example, the Gangetic gharial has been reintroduced in the rivers of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan where it had become extinct.
♤ Seed banks, botanical, horticultural and recreational gardens are important centres for ex-situ conservation.
(b) In-situ conservation: Conserving the animals and plants in their natural habitats is known as in-situ conservation. The established natural habitats are:
♤ National parks
♤ Sanctuaries
♤ Biosphere reserves and
♤ Reserved forests
♤ Protected forests