The Indian elephant Elephas maximus occurs in the central and southern Western Ghats, North-east India, eastern India and northern India and in some parts of southern peninsular India. It is distributed in 16 of the 28 states in the country and is showing an increasing trend across its distributional range.
Sl.No | ELEPHANT RANGE | ELEPHANT RESERVE | STATE |
1. | East-Central Landscape (South-West Bengal- Jharkhand - Orissa) | 1. Mayurjharna ER 2. Singhbhum ER 3. Mayurbhanj ER 4. Mahanadi ER 5. Sambalpur ER 6. Baitami ER 7. South Orissa ER 8. Lemru ER 9. Badalkhol - Tamorpingla ER | West Bengal Jharkhand Orissa Orissa Orissa Orissa Orissa Chhattishgarh Chhattishgarh |
2. | Kameng-Sonitpur Landscape (Arunachal - Assam) Total | 10. Kameng ER 11. Sonitpur ER | Arunachal Assam |
12. Dihing-Patkai ER |
3. | Eastern-South Bank Landscape (Assam - Arunachal) | 13. South Arunachal ER | Assam Arunachal |
8. List of Sacred Groves
Sl.No. | State | Local term for Sacred Groves | No. of sacred groves |
1 | Andhra Pradesh | Pavithravana | 580 |
2 | Arunachal Pradesh | Gumpa Forests (attached to Buddhist monestries) | 101 |
3 | Goa | Deorai, Pann | 55 |
4 | Jharkhand | Sarana | 29 |
5 | Karnataka | Devara Kadu | 1531 |
6 | Kerala | Kavu, Sara Kavu | 299 |
7 | Maharashtra | Devrai, Devrahati, Devgudi | 2820 |
8 | Manipur | Gamkhap, Mauhak ( sacred bamboo reserves) | 166 |
9 | Meghalaya | Ki Law Lyngdoh, Ki Law Kyntang, Ki Law Niam | 101 |
10 | Orissa | Jahera, Thakuramma | 169 |
11 | Puducherry | Kovil Kadu | 108 |
12 | Rajasthan | Orans, Kenkris, Jogmaya | 560 |
13 | Tamil Nadu | Swami shola, Koilkadu | 752 |
14 | UttaraKhand | Deo Bhumi, Bugyal (sacred alpine meadows) | 22 |
15 | West Bengal | Garamthan, Harithan, Jahera, Sabitrithan, Santalburithan | 39 |
Similarly several water bodies are declared sacred by people. This indirectly leads to protection of aquatic flora and fauna. (E.g. khecheoprai lake in Sikkim) | |||
State/Union Territories | Mangrove areas | |
28. | Veldur | |
29. | Kundalika-Revdanda | |
30. | Mumbra-Diva | |
31. | Vikroli | |
32. | Shreevardhan | |
33. | Vaitarna | |
34. | Vasai-Manori | |
35. | Malvan | |
Gujarat | 36. | Gulf of Kutchh |
37. | Gulf of Khambhat | |
38. | Dumas-Ubhrat | |
10. List of Key Activities and Likely Associated Air Pollutants
S. No. | Activity | Significant Air Pollutants | |
A. | EIA Notifications, 1994 | ||
1. | Nuclear Power Plants | Tritium, Radioactive elements | |
2. | River Valley Projects | TSPM/RPM, HC, CO etc. | |
3. | Air Ports, Ports/Harbours | TSPM/RPM, HC, NOx, etc. | |
4. | Petroleum Refineries | SO2, HC, Mercaptan, VOCs | |
5. | Chemical fertiliser | TSPM/RPM, Fluoride, Ammonia, NOx,SO2 | |
6. | Pesticides | Odour, VOCs, HC, Cl2 | |
7. | Petrochemicals | TSPM/RPM, SO2, NOx, CO, HC, VOCs | |
8. | Bulk Drugs & Pharmaceuticals | TSPM/RPM, VOCs | |
9. | Exploration of Oil & Gas and their production, transportation and storage | TSPM/RPM, HC, CO | |
10. | Synthetic Rubber | TSPM/RPM, SO2, HC | |
11. | Asbestos and Asbestos products | TSPM/RPM, fibre | |
12. | Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives | HCN Vapours | |
13. | Metallurgical industries | TSPM/RPM, SO2, CO, NOx Fluoride etc. | |
14. | Electric arc furnaces | TSPM/RPM, NOx, | |
15. | Chlor-alkali industry | Hg, Cl2, HCl vapours, H2 | |
16. | Integrated paint complex | TSPM/RPM, SO2, Volatile Organic | |
17. | Viscose Staple fibre and filament yarn | H2S, CS2, SO2 | |
18. | Storage batteries | TSPM/RPM, Pb | |
19. | Tourism Project | TSPM/RPM, | |
20. | Thermal Power Plants | TSPM/RPM, SO2, NOx. | |
S. No. | Activity | Significant Air Pollutants | |
21. | Mining Activities | TSPM/RPM, HC etc. | |
22. | Highway Projects | TSPM/RPM, HC, NOx CO. | |
23. | Tarred roads in Himalayas | TSPM/RPM, HC, NOx CO. | |
24. | Distilleries | TSPM/RPM, SO2 | |
25. | Raw Skins and Hides | - | |
26. | Pulp and Paper | TSPM/RPM, H2S, Mercaptan | |
27. | Dyes | TSPM/RPM, SO2, NOx | |
28. | Cement | TSPM/RPM, NOx | |
29. | Foundries | TSPM/RPM, SO2, CO, Metal Fumes |
30. | Electroplating | TSPM/RPM, Fumes of HCN, HCl Acid Fumes |
11. Respiratory Irritants and Toxic Chemicals
Chemical | Sources of exposure | Injury produced | |
Acetaldehyde | Plastics, synthetic rubber industry, combustion products | Upper airway injury; rarely causes delayed pulmonary edema | |
Acetic acid, organic acids | Chemical industry, electronics, combustion products | Ocular and upper airway injury | |
Acid anhydrides | Chemicals, paints, and plastics industries; components of epoxy resins | Ocular, upper airway injury, bronchospasm; pulmonary haemorrhage after massive exposure | |
Acrolein | Plastics, textiles, pharmaceutical manufacturing, combustion products | Diffuse airway and parenchymal injury | |
Ammonia | Fertilizers, animal feeds, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals manufacturing | Primarily ocular and upper airway burn; massive exposure may cause bronchiectasis | |
Antimony trichloride, antimony penta- chloride | Alloys, organic catalysts | Pneumonitis, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema | |
Beryllium | Alloys (with copper), ceramics; electronics, aerospace and nuclear reactor equipment | Acute upper airway injury, tracheobronchitis, chemical pneumonitis | |
Boranes (diborane) | Aircraft fuel, fungicide manufacturing | Upper airway injury, pneumonitis with massive exposure | |
Hydrogen bromide | Petroleum refining | Upper airway injury, pneumonitis with massive exposure | |
Methyl bromide | Refrigeration, produce fumigation | Upper and lower airway injury, pneumonitis, CNS depression and seizures | |
Cadmium | Alloys with Zn and Pb, electroplating, batteries, insecticides | Tracheobronchitis, pulmonary oedema (often delayed onset over 24-48 hours); chronic low level exposure leads to inflammatory changes and emphysema | |
Chemical | Sources of exposure | Injury produced | |
Calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide | Lime, photography, tanning, insecticides | Upper and lower airway inflammation, pneumonitis | |
Chlorine | Bleaching, formation of chlorinated compounds, household cleaners | Upper and lower airway inflammation, pneumonitis and non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema | |
Chloroacetophenone | Crowd control agent, “tear gas” | Ocular and upper airway inflammation, | |
lower airway and parenchymal injury with masssive exposure | ||
o- Chlorobenzomalo- nitrile | Crowd control agent, “tear gas” | Ocular and upper airway inflammation, lower airway injury with massive exposure |
Chloromethyl ethers | Solvents, used in manufacture of other organic compounds | Upper and lower airway irritation, also a respiratory tract carcinogen |
Chloropicrin | Chemical manufacturing, fumigant component | Upper and lower airway inflammation |
Chromic acid (Cr(IV)) | Welding, plating | Nasal inflammation and ulceration, rhinitis, pneumonitis with massive exposure |
Cobalt | High temperature alloys, permanent magnets, hard metal tools (with tungsten carbide) | Acute bronchospasm and/or pneumonitis; chronic exposure can cause lung fibrosis |
Formaldehyde | Manufacture of foam insulation, plywood, textiles, paper, fertilizers,resins; embalming agents; combustion products | Ocular and upper airway irritation; bronchospasm in severe exposure; contact dermatitis in sensitized persons |
Hydrochloric acid | Metal refining, rubber manufacturing, organic compound manufacture, photographic materials | Ocular and upper airway inflammation, lower airway inflammation only with massive exposure |
Hydrofluoric acid | Chemical catalyst, pesticides, bleaching, welding, etching | Ocular and upper airway inflammation, tracheobronchitis and pneumonitis with massive exposure |
Isocyanates | Polyurethane production; paints; herbicide and insecticide products; laminating, furniture, enamelling,resin work | Ocular, upper and lower inflammation; asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis in sensitized persons |
Lithium hydride | Alloys, ceramics, electronics, chemical catalysts | Pneumonitis, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema |
Mercury | Electrolysis, ore and amalgam extraction, electronics manufacture | Ocular and respiratory tract inflammation, pneumonitis, CNS, kidney and systemic effects |
Nickel carbonyl | Nickel refining, electroplating, chemical reagents | Lower respiratory irritation, pneumonitis, delayed systemic toxic effects |
Nitrogen dioxide | Silos after new grain storage, fertilizer making, arc welding, combustion products | Ocular and upper airway inflammation, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, delayed onset bronchiolitis |
Chemical | Sources of exposure | Injury produced |
Nitrogen mustards;sulphur mustards | Military gases | Ocular, upper and lower airway inflammation, pneumonitis |
Osmium tetroxide | Copper refining, alloy with iridium, catalyst | Severe ocular and upper airway irritation; |
for steroid synthesis and ammonia formation | transient renal damage | |
Ozone | Arc welding, copy machines, paper bleaching | Upper and lower airway inflammation; asthmatics more susceptible |
Phosgene | Pesticide and other chemical manufacture, arc welding, paint removal | Upper airway inflammation and pneumonitis; delayed pulmonary oedema in low doses |
Phosphoric sulphides | Production of insecticides, ignition compounds, matches | Ocular and upper airway inflammation |
Phosphoric chlorides | Manufacture of chlorinated organic compounds, dyes, gasoline additives | Ocular and upper airway inflammation |
Selenium dioxide | Copper or nickel smelting, heating of selenium alloys | Ocular and upper airway inflammation, pulmonary oedema in massive exposure |
Hydrogen selenide | Copper refining, sulphuric acid production | Ocular and upper airway inflammation, delayed pulmonary oedema |
Styrene | Manufacture of polystyrene and resins, polymers | Ocular, upper and lower airway inflammation, neurological impairments |
Sulphur dioxide | Petroleum refining, pulp mills, refrigeration plants, manufacturing of sodium sulphite | Upper airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, pneumonitis on massive exposure |
Titanium tetrachloride | Dyes, pigments, sky writing | Upper airway injury |
Uranium hexafluoride | Metal coat removers, floor sealants, spray paints | Upper and lower airway injury, bronchospasm, pneumonitis |
Vanadium pentoxide | Cleaning oil tanks, metallurgy | Ocular, upper and lower airway symptoms |
Zinc chloride | Smoke grenades, artillery | Upper and lower airway irritation, fever, delayed onset pneumonitis |
Zirconium tetrachloride | Pigments, catalysts | Upper and lower airway irritation, pneumonitis |