AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

Ecosystems consisting of water as the main habitat are known as aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems are classified based on their salt content.

i) Fresh water ecosystems- The salt content of fresh bodies is very low, always less than 5 ppt (parts per thousand). E.g lakes, ponds, pools, springs, streams, and rivers

ii) Marine ecosystems - the water bodies containing salt concentration equal to or above that of sea water (i.e., 35 ppt or above). E.g shallow seas and open ocean

iii) Brackish water ecosystems - these water bodies have salt content in between 5 to 35 ppt. e.g. estuaries, salt marshes, mangrove swamps and forests.

4.1. AQUATIC ORGANISMS i) Neuston:iii) Plankton:iv) Nekton:v) Benthos:4.1.1. Factors Limiting the Productivity of Aquatic Habitats Sunlight:Photic zone:Dissolved oxygen:Transparency:4.2.1. Ageing of Lakes 4.2.2. In India 4.2.4. Removal of the nutrients from a lake Ameenpur Lake - First Biodiversity Heritage Site 4.3.1. Types 2. Manmade 4.3.2. Sources Trees 2. Non-point source FLOW CHART 4.3.2. Effects New species invasion Mitigation Policies 4.4. HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS 4.4.2. Why Red Tide is a misnomer?4.4.3. What are the causes of these blooms?4.4.4. How are HABs dangerous to fish and humans?4.4.5. Is HAB’s an environmental hazard?4.4.6. How do we get exposed to HAB toxins?4.4.7. Is it safe to eat seafood?4.4.8. HABs and Climate Change 4.5. WET LAND ECOSYSTEM 4.5.1. Definition 4.5.2. Characteristics 4.5.4. Functions of Wetlands 4.5.5. Reasons for depletion 4.5.6. Mitigation 4.5.7. Distinction from Lakes 4.5.9. India’s Wetlands 4.5.10. National Wetlands Conservation Programme (NWCP)4.5.11. Criteria for Identification of Wetlands of National Importance 4.5.12. Montreux Record Montreux Record sites in India Neknampur Lake - First FTW Lake 4.6. ESTUARY ECOSYSTEM 4.6.1. Characters Estuary Formation:4.6.2. A Healthy Estuary 4.6.3. Life in Estuary 4.6.4. Benefits of Estuarine Ecosystem Environmental Benefits 4.6.5. India Estuarine Ecosystem 4.6.6. Issues of Indian Estuarine Ecosystem 1. Water flow 2. Pollution & Water Quality 3. Recreation And Tourism 4. Ports & Shipping 5. Land-use 6. Commercial Fishing & Aquaculture 7. Climate Change Do you know?4.7. MANGROVES 4.7.1. Characteristics of mangroves 4.7.2. Mangrove profile in India 4.7.3. Role of mangroves 4.7.4. Threat 4.8. CORAL REEFS 4.8.2. Features 4.8.3. Classification and their location 4.8.4. Functions of Coral Reefs 4.8.5. Threat 4.8.6. Coral Bleaching 4.8.7. Ecological causes of coral bleaching Temperature (Major Cause)Solar Irradiance Subaerial Exposure Sedimentation Fresh Water Dilution Xenobiotics Epizootics 4.10.1. Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System (COMAPS)4.10.2. Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)4.10.3. Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM)4.10.4. Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM)4.10.5. Institutions for Coastal Management 4.11. GANGA ACTION PLAN 4.12. NAMAMI GANGA PROGRAM Following are proposed to be taken up under NamamiGange program:NRI Ganga Fund 4.13 CLEAN GANGA FUND Broad activities that will be financed from the Clean Ganga Fund (CGF) Fund are:Recent Measures