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1. Comparison Scheme 1) Brief knowledge of the Constitution of the various countries, deemed important owing to their current status or the fact that the Indian Constitution draws implicitly or explicitly from them.2.1.3. Flexibility 2.1.4. Unitary vs. Federal Features 2.1.5. Parliamentary Executive 2.1.6. Sovereignty of Parliament 2.1.7. Role of Conventions 2.1.8. Rule of Law 2.1.9. Independence of Judiciary 2.2.1. Executive Nature of Monarchy British Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers Privy Council 2.2.2. Legislature The House of Lords The House of Commons 2.2.3. Judiciary Comparison between the Indian and British Judiciary 3.1.1. Nature of the Constitution 3.1.2. Nature of Federalism 3.1.3. Form of Government 3.2. President 3.3. Vice President 3.3.3. Functions of the Vice President of USA 3.4.1. House of Representatives 3.4.2. SENATE 3.5. Committee System in USA Difference from British and Indian System:3.6. Duration of Representative Bodies at the Centre 3.6.1. US 3.6.2. India 3.7. Doctrine of Separation of Power and the System of Checks and Balances 3.7.1. US 3.7.2. India 3.7.3. Checks and Balances 3.8. Fundamental Rights 3.9. Distribution of Legislative Power 3.9.1. India 3.9.2. US 3.10. Emergency and Suspension of Writs 3.11. Judiciary 3.12. Amendment of the Constitution 4.1. Salient Features of the Constitution 4.1.1. Preamble 4.1.2. Nature of Constitution 4.1.3. Basic Principles 4.1.4. Unitary System 4.1.5. Democratic Centralism 4.1.6. One Party System 4.1.7. Legislature 4.1.8. Executive Premier President 4.1.9. Judiciary 4.1.10. Central Military Commission 4.1.11. Rights and Duties 4.1.12. Communist Party of China 5. French Constitution 5.1. Introduction 5.2. President 5.3. The Legislature 5.4. Prominent Features of the French Constitution 5.5. Amendment of the Constitution 6. Germany’s Constitution 6.1. Salient Features 7. Constitution of Japan 8. Constitution of Canada Features of Parliamentary Government as given in Constitution Act, 1867:The House of Commons The Senate 8.1.3. Federalism 8.1.4. Judiciary 8.1.5. Rights 9. Constitution of Australia 9.1. Salient Features 10. Constitution of Switzerland Comparison scheme w.r.t Indian Constitution 11. Features-Wise Constitutional Comparison Scheme 11.1. The Preamble 11.2. Written Constitution 11.3. Nominal Head 11.5. Bicameral System of Parliament 11.6. Concept of Lower House Being More Powerful 11.9. Fundamental Rights 11.10. Fundamental Duties 11.11. Scheme of Federation 11.12. Freedom of Trade and Commerce 11.13. Directive Principles of State Policy 11.14. Election of Members by the President 14. UPSC GS Mains Questions 15. GS Mains Test Series Questions 1. The Indian constitution wonderfully adopts the via media between the American system of Judicial Supremacy and the British principle of parliamentary supremacy. Explain.Answer:2. The Upper Chamber of Parliaments across the world are generally considered less powerful vis-à-vis their Lower Chamber. However, they are also vested with certain functions and powers, which enables them to play a decisive role. Critically analyse with special emphasis on India.Answer:3. Whereas the legislature is empowered to regulate the ratification of international treaties in the United States, in India it is mostly the domain of the executive. Examine the rationale and benefits of these two approaches with examples.Answer:Treaty making in India Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Definition 1.2. Functions of the Constitution 1.3. Understanding the Constitutionalism 2. Historical Underpinnings 2.1. Role of Developments under the British rule 2.2. Analysis 3. Evolution 3.1. Two Dimensions 4. Salient Features of the Constitution of India 1. Lengthiest Written Constitution 2. Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility 3. A Democratic Republic 4. Parliamentary Form of Government 5. Mixture of Federal and Unitary Features 6. Fundamental Rights 7. Directive Principles of State Policy 8. Fundamental Duties 9. Secular State 10. Independent, Impartial and Integrated Judiciary 11. Single Citizenship 12. Universal Adult Franchise 13. Emergency Powers 14. Separation of Powers 15. Independent Bodies 16. Three Tiers of Government 5. Amendments 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Provision for Amendment 5.3. Types of Amendment 5.4. Criticism of the Amendment Procedure 6. Sources of the Constitution 2005 Ans. C Ans. D Ans. A 9. GS Mains Test Series 1. A Constitution should not be amended too frequently, rather only when it becomes inevitable to do so. How far have amendments in the Indian Constitution followed this requirement?2. Though the Constitution-makers vested the power to amend the Constitution in the Parliament, since the Kesavananda Bharati case, the Supreme Court has become a decisive co-sharer in this power. Comment.THE PREAMBLE Contents 1. Introduction 2. Key Words in the Preamble 3. Status of the Preamble 4. Amendability of the Preamble 5. Preamble as an Aid to the Interpretation of the Constitution 6. UPSC Previous Years Prelims questions 7. UPSC Previous Years GS Mains Questions 8. GS Mains Test Series Questions UNION AND ITS TERRITORY Contents 1. Constitutional Provision: Article 1-4 (Part-I)2. Evolution of States and Union Territories 3. History of the Demand of Reorganisation of States 4. Issues in Reorganisation of States 5. UPSC Previous Years Prelims Questions 6. UPSC Previous Years GS Mains Questions 7. GS Mains Questions Contents 1. Introduction 2. Constitutional Provisions 3. Acquisition of Citizenship 4. Loss of Citizenship 5. Concept of Dual Citizenship 6. Status of Refugees in India 7. Refugee vs. Asylum Seeker 8. Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 9. National Register of Citizens 10. National Population Register (NPR) vs Aadhaar 11. The Idea of Citizenship – An Analysis 12. UPSC Previous Years Prelim Questions 13. UPSC Previous Years Mains Questions 14. GS Mains Test Series Questions FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Contents 1. Concept of Rights 2. Categories of Rights 3. Understanding Fundamental Rights 4. Evolution of Fundamental Rights 5. Classes of Fundamental Rights 6. Details of Fundamental Rights 2 6.11.4. Evaluation of RTE 6.11.5. Applicability 6.12.1. Text 6.12.2. Description 6.12.2.1. Criticism of Preventive Detention 6.12.2.2. Arguments given in favor of Preventive detention 6.12.3. Legislations 6.12.4. Court Judgments 6.13. Article 23 – Prohibition of Traffic in Humans and Forced Labor 6.13.1. Text 6.13.2. Description 6.13.3. Legislations 6.13.4. Applicability 6.14. Article 24 – Prohibition of employment of children 6.14.1. Text 6.14.2. Description 6.14.3. Legislations 6.14.4. Applicability 6.15. Article 25 6.15.1. Description 6.15.2. Applicability 6.15.3. Important Judgments 6.15.3.2. Stainislau v/s State of MP, 1977 6.16. Article 26 6.16.1. Text 6.16.2. Description 6.16.3. Relation with Article 25 6.16.4. Sabarimala Temple Issue 6.17. Article 27 6.17.1. Text 6.17.2. Description 6.18. Article 28 6.18.1. Text 6.18.2. Description 6.19. Article 29 6.19.1. Text 6.19.2. Description 6.19.3. Applicability 6.20. Article 30 6.20.1. Text 6.20.2. Description 6.20.3. Relation between Article 29 and 30 6.20.4. Applicability 6.20.5. Minority Educational Institutions 6.20.6. Important judgments 6.20.6.2. Unnikrishnan v/s State of Andhra Pradesh, 1993 6.20.6.3. TMA Pai Foundation and others v/s State of Karnataka, 2002 6.20.6.4. Islamic Academy of education v/s State of Karnataka, 2003 6.20.6.5. St. Joseph College Case, 2018 6.20.7. The Lacuna 6.21. Article 31 Background Right to Property under Article 300A Arguments in favour of Right to property to be reinstated as Fundamental Right Arguments in favour of Right to property remaining a legal right Recent Developments-Conclusion 6.22. Article 31A 6.23. Article 31B – Validation of Certain Acts and Regulations 6.23.1. Controversy with respect to IX Schedule 6.24. Article 31C- Saving of laws giving effect to directive principles 6.25. Article 32 6.25.1. Text 6.25.2. Description 6.25.2.1. Public Interest Litigation 6.25.2.3. Suo moto 6.25.3. Doctrine of Laches 6.25.4. Doctrine of Res Judicata 6.25.5. Writs 6.25.5.1 Difference between writ jurisdiction of SC and HC 6.25.6. Importance of Article 32 6.25.7. Article 32(3)6.25.8. Article 32(4)6.25.7.1.Article 359-Suspension of FRs during the proclamation of national emergency 6.26. Article 33 6.26.1. Text 6.26.2. Description 6.27. Article 34 6.27.1. Text 6.27.2. Description 6.28. Article 35 6.28.1. Text 6.28.2. Description 8. Criticism of Fundamental Rights 9. Previous year UPSC GS Mains Questions 10. Previous year UPSC Prelims Questions 2015 Ans (c) 2017 Ans (c)Ans (c)Ans (a)Ans (a)Ans (c) 2018 Ans (c)Ans (c) 2019 Ans (b) 2020 Ans (d)Ans (d)Issues with Aadhar:Concerns:Extra judicial killings Judiciary’s response:However, there are contentious provisions in the Article, which include:Contents 1. Genesis of Fundamental Duties in India 2. List of Fundamental Duties 3. Nature of Fundamental Duties 4. Enforcement of Fundamental Duties 4.1. Available Legal Provisions for Enforcement of Fundamental Duties 5. Committees and Judicial Pronouncements 5.1. Justice Verma Committee Report 5.2. Important Judicial Pronouncements 5.3. Recent Developments 6. Criticism of Fundamental Duties 7. Significance of Fundamental Duties 8. UPSC Prelims Questions 2010 Ans: (b)Ans: (c)Ans: (b)Ans: (b)Ans: (d)Ans: (d)Ans: (a)Ans: (d)10. GS Mains Test Series Questions 1. Critically appraise the utility of fundamental duties in the Constitution of India. Approach:Answer:2. While Fundamental Rights are crucial to the survival of a vibrant democracy, Fundamental Duties are equally important. While enumerating the Fundamental Duties, discuss the statement.Answer:3. Fundamental Duties, though significant, have certain limitations. Examine. Approach:Answer:4. The value of fundamental duties lies in establishing a democratic balance by making the people conscious of their duties equally as they are conscious of their rights. Analyze.Answer:DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY Contents 1. Directive Principles of State Policy 2. Historic Evolution 3. Influences 4. Characteristics of DPSP’s 5. Classification and Details of Directive Principles 6. Relation with Fundamental Rights 7. Difference between Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Rights 8. Implementation of Directive Principles of State Policy 9. Directives and Constitutional Amendments 10. Reasons behind Directive Principles being made non- justiciable and legally non-enforceable 11. Criticism of DPSP’s 12. Significance of DPSP’s 13. UPSC Previous Years Mains Questions 14. GS Mains Test Series Questions 1. Introduction 2. President 6. Cabinet 7. Attorney General 9. Previous Years’ Questions STATE EXECUTIVE Contents 1. Introduction 2. Governor 3. Chief Minister 4. Council of Ministers 5. The Advocate-General 6. Previous Year UPSC Mains Questions 7. GS Mains Test Series Questions MINISTRIES AND DEPARTMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT Contents 1. Existing Organizational Structure 2. Structure within the Departments 3. Attached or Subordinate Offices 4. Sample Case 5. Empowered Group of Ministers 6. Alternative Mechanisms 7. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Existing Structure 8. Recommendations at Various Levels of Government Machinery 9. Prelims Questions 10. Previous Year GS Mains Questions UNION LEGISLATURE Contents 1. Structure of Parliament 3. Conduct of Business 6. Leaders in Parliament 9. Financial Legislation by the Parliament 10. Procedure for removing deadlock between the two Houses 14. Sovereignty of Parliament 15. Functions, Role and Issues concerning Parliament 17. UPSC Previous Years’ Questions 18. Previous Years’ Questions STATE LEGISLATURE Contents 1. State Legislature 2. Emerging Issues 3. UPSC Mains Previous Year UPSC Questions 4. Previous Year GS Mains Questions Contents 1. Introduction 2. Organisation of Judicial system 3. Judges of Supreme Court 4. Procedure of Supreme Court 5. Independence of Supreme Court 6. Jurisdiction of Supreme Court 7. Supreme Court Advocates 8. Issues faced in the India Judicial System 9. Recent Developments 10. Articles Related to the Supreme Court 13. Previous Year GS Mains Test Series Questions JUDICIARY- HIGH COURT, SUBORDINATE COURTS, ISSUES, JUDICIAL REFORMS AND JUDICIAL ACTIVISM Contents 1. High Court 2. Subordinate Courts 3. The National Legal Services Authority 4. Lok Adalats 5. Fast Track Courts (FTCs)6. Commercial Courts 7. All India Judicial Service (AIJS)8. Judicial Activism and Judicial Overreach 9. Comparison between the Supreme Court and High Court 12. Previous Year GS Mains Questions 1. Concept of Federalism SEPARATION OF POWERS BETWEEN VARIOUS ORGANS Contents 1. Introduction 2. Origin 3. Definitions 4. Separation of Power in Other Countries 5. Doctrine of Separation of Powers in India 6. Conclusion 7. UPSC Previous years’ Questions 8. Previous Years Questions DISPUTE REDRESSAL MECHANISMS AND INSTITUTIONS Contents 1. Introduction 2. Alternative Dispute Redressal Mechanisms 3. Comparison between Judicial Process and various ADR process 5. Recent Developments 6. UPSC Previous Years Mains Questions 7. UPSC Previous Years Prelims Question 8. Mains Test Series Questions PRESSURE GROUPS Contents 1. What is a Pressure Group?2. Types of Pressure Groups 3. Roles/Functions of Pressure Groups 4. Pressure Groups and Political Parties 5. How Pressure Groups Exert Influence?6. Pressure Groups and Lobbying 7. Are Pressure Groups Becoming More Powerful?8. Pressure Groups and Democracy 9. Pressure Groups in India 10. Limitations of Pressure Groups 11. Comparison of Indian and Western Pressure Groups 12. Conclusion 13. UPSC Previous Years’ Questions 14. Previous Years’ Questions LOCAL GOVERNANCE Contents 1. Panchayati Raj in India: Historical Background and Evolution 2. 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 3. The provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA), 1996 4. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)5. 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 6. UPSC Previous Years Prelim Questions 8. GS Mains Test Series Questions 1. Introduction 2. National Emergency (Article 352)3. State Emergency (Articles 356 and 365)4. Financial Emergency (Article 360)5. Criticisms of Emergency Provisions 6. Important Articles related to Emergency Provisions 8. Previous Years Questions 1. The Electoral Process 2. Composition of the Elected Houses 3. Delimitation of Constituencies for Elections to the Lok Sabha/Legislative Assemblies 4. Preparation/Revision of Electoral Rolls 5. Voter Registration 6. Qualifications & Disqualifications for a Candidate 7. Officers on Poll Duty 8. Election Notification 9. Recognition of Parties 10. Election Campaign 11. The Poll 12. Conducting Elections 13. Disputes Regarding Elections 14. Process of Election to the Rajya Sabha 15. Process of Election to Local Bodies 16. Conducting Elections to Municipalities 17. Identifying problem areas with elections in India 18. Attempts at Electoral Reforms and Previous Committees/Panels 19. General Elections 2014 Factsheet REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT AND ELECTION RELATED JUDGEMENTS Contents 1. Provisions related to Elections in the Indian Constitution 2. Introduction to the Representation of the People Act 1950 and 1951 3. Representation of People Act, 1950 4. Representation of People Act, 1951 6. Landmark Judgments on issues around Elections 7. Other important issues related to Elections and Electoral Reforms in India 8. UPSC Previous Years’ Questions 9. Previous Years’ Questions CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES Contents 1. Election Commission 2. Union Public Service Commission 3. State Public Service Commission 4. Finance Commission 5. National Commission for SCs 6. National Commission for STs 7. National Commission for Backward Classes 8. Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities 9. Comptroller and Auditor General of India 10. Attorney General of India 11. Advocate General of State 12. Inter-State Council 13. Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council 14. UPSC Mains Previous Years’ Questions 15. Mains Previous Years’ Questions REGULATORY AUTHORITIES IN INDIA Contents 1. Introduction 2. Regulation in India 3. Fiscal Sector Legislative Reforms Commission (FSLRC)4. Recommendations of 2nd ARC 5. Single Super-Regulator vs. Multiple Regulators 6. Future Course of Action 7. UPSC Previous Years Questions 8. Test Series Questions QUASI JUDICIAL BODIES Contents 1. Quasi-Judicial Bodies in India 2. Tribunals 3. Lok Adalats 4. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)5. State Human Rights Commission (SHRC)6. Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)7. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)8. Central Information Commission (CIC)9. Lokpal 10. Press Council of India (PCI)11. National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (NCMEI)12. Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions 13. UPSC Previous Years’ Questions 14. Previous Years’ Questions