Contents

1. Introduction 108

2. Constitutional Provisions 108

2.1. Article 5- Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution 108

2.2. Article 6- Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan 109

2.3. Article 7- Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan 109

2.4. Article 8- Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India

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2.5. Article 9- Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign state not to be citizens 109 2.6. Article 10- Continuance of the rights of citizenship 109

2.7. Article 11- Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law 110

3. Acquisition of Citizenship 110

3.1. Citizenship by Birth (Section 3) 110

3.2. Citizenship by Descent (Section 4) 110

3.3. Citizenship by Registration [Section 5] 111

3.4. Citizenship by Naturalization (Section 6) 111

3.5. Citizenship by Incorporation of Territory (Section 7) 112

4. Loss of Citizenship 112

4.1. Renunciation of Citizenship (Section 8) 112

4.2. Termination of Citizenship (Section 9) 112

4.3. Deprivation of Citizenship (Section 10) 112

5. Concept of Dual Citizenship 113

5.1. Overseas Citizen of India Cardholder 113

5.2. Other Steps taken towards Indian Diaspora 115

6. Status of Refugees in India 116

7. Refugee vs. Asylum Seeker 118

8. Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 118

9. National Register of Citizens 121

9.1. NRC Updation in Assam 121

9.2. Nationwide NRC 125

10. National Population Register (NPR) vs Aadhaar 128

11. The Idea of Citizenship – An Analysis 131

12. UPSC Previous Years Prelim Questions 131

13. UPSC Previous Years Mains Questions 132

14. GS Mains Test Series Questions 132

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