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QUASI JUDICIAL BODIES

Contents 1. Quasi-Judicial Bodies in India 1.1. Examples of Quasi-Judicial Bodies 1.2. Features of Quasi-Judicial bodies 1.3. Reasons for emergence of Quasi-Judicial Bodies in India ♤ Other factors include:1.4. Quasi-judicial bodies vs judicial bodies 2. Tribunals 2.1. Characteristics of Tribunals 2.2. Evolution of Tribunals 2.3. Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT)2.3.1. Benches 2.3.2. Jurisdiction 2.3.3. Composition 2.3.4. Functioning 2.3.5. Appeals against CAT orders 2.4. State Administrative Tribunals 2.5. Judicial Review of Tribunals decisions 2.6. Categories of Tribunals in India 2.7. Issues faced by Tribunals 2.8. National Tribunal Commission (NTC)2.9. New Rules for Tribunals (2020)Provisions of the New Rules:2.10. Foreigners Tribunal 2.11. National Green Tribunal (NGT)2.11.3. Powers and Functions 3. Lok Adalats 3.1. Origin of Lok Adalats 3.2. Jurisdiction of Lok Adalats 3.3. Powers of Lok Adalats 3.4. Permanent Lok Adalats 3.5. Advantages of Lok Adalats ♤ Economical justice ♤ Unburdening of Courts by reducing the backlog of cases ♤ Maintenance of Cordial Relations 3.6. Issues with Lok Adalats ♤ Other issues 3.7. Measures to improve functioning of Lok Adalats 4. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)4.1. Comparison of 2019 Amended Act with the 1993 Act 4.3. Significance of the amendment 4.4. Composition of NHRC 4.5. Appointment 4.6. Removal 4.7. Emoluments 4.8. Functions of NHRC ♤ Undertake and promote research in the field of human rights.4.9. Working of NHRC 4.10. Strengths of NHRC 4.11. Weaknesses of NHRC 5. State Human Rights Commission (SHRC)5.1. Composition of SHRC 5.2. Term 5.3. Appointment 5.4. Removal 5.5. Emoluments 5.6. Functions of SHRC ♤ To undertake and promote research in the field of human rights.5.7. Working of SHRC 6. Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)6.1. Composition and Eligibility 6.2. Removal 6.3. Emoluments 6.4. Functions With respect to CBI:With respect to Vigilance:6.5. Working of CVC 7. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)7.1. Composition of CBI 7.2. Organization of CBI 7.3. Functions of CBI 7.4. CBI as ‘Caged Parrot’ and steps to make it free 8. Central Information Commission (CIC)8.1. Composition and Appointment 8.2. Tenure and Removal 8.3. Emoluments 8.4. Powers and Functions of Information Commissions 9. Lokpal 9.1. Composition 9.2. Appointment 9.3. Removal 9.4. Jurisdiction ♤ Anyone who is or has been Prime Minister, or a Minister in the Union government, or a Member of Parliament, as well as officials of the Union government under Groups A, B, C and D.9.5. Emoluments 9.6. Functioning 9.7. Issues 9.8. Way forward 10. Press Council of India (PCI)10.1. Composition 10.2. Functions 10.3. Powers 10.4. Limitations on its powers 11. National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (NCMEI)12. Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions 13. UPSC Previous Years’ Questions 14. Previous Years’ Questions 1. What is the legal sanction behind the establishment of Foreigners' Tribunals? Comment on the need of strict judicial supervision given the context in which they function.Answer:2. What are the different rights available to the consumers under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986? Explaining the three layered quasi-judicial mechanism put in place under the Act, mention the measures that can be taken to improve the functioning of these forums.Answer:3. Tribunals in India have not just replicated some of the problems that our judiciary suffers from but added a few more. Discuss.Answer:A. Pendency and Vacancy in Tribunals B. Lack of Independence with Tribunals:C. Administrative Concerns: Non-Uniformity in Regulation D. Jurisdiction of the High Courts 4. Effective protection of consumer rights is sine qua non for promoting the culture of good governance. In this context, critically examine the state of consumer rights protection in India and discuss the need for reforms in this regard.Answer: ♤ Issues with Consumer Courts:5. During the recent ruling on extra-judicial killings in Manipur, the Supreme court used the expression ‘toothless-tiger’ to refer to the NHRC. Has the NHRC failed in its mandate to counter systematic human rights violations? Critically analyse its working and suggest some measures to improve its effectiveness.Answer:Analysis of NHRC’s working Suggestions

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