Contents
1. Quasi-Judicial Bodies in India 144
1.1. Examples of Quasi-Judicial Bodies 144
1.2. Features of Quasi-Judicial bodies 144
1.3. Reasons for emergence of Quasi-Judicial Bodies in India 144
1.4. Quasi-judicial bodies vs judicial bodies 144
2. Tribunals 145
2.1. Characteristics of Tribunals 145
2.2. Evolution of Tribunals 145
2.3. Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) 146
2.3.1. Benches 146
2.3.2. Jurisdiction 146
2.3.3. Composition 147
2.3.4. Functioning 147
2.3.5. Appeals against CAT orders 147
2.4. State Administrative Tribunals 147
2.5. Judicial Review of Tribunals decisions 147
2.6. Categories of Tribunals in India 148
2.7. Issues faced by Tribunals 148
2.8. National Tribunal Commission (NTC) 149
2.9. New Rules for Tribunals (2020) 149
2.10. Foreigners Tribunal 149
2.11. National Green Tribunal (NGT) 150
2.11.1. Composition 150
2.11.2. Jurisdiction 150
2.11.3. Powers and Functions 151
3. Lok Adalats 151
3.1. Origin of Lok Adalats 151
3.2. Jurisdiction of Lok Adalats 152
3.3. Powers of Lok Adalats 152
3.4. Permanent Lok Adalats 153
3.5. Advantages of Lok Adalats 153
3.6. Issues with Lok Adalats 154
3.7. Measures to improve functioning of Lok Adalats 154
4. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) 154
4.1. Comparison of 2019 Amended Act with the 1993 Act 155
4.2. Need for the amendment in the 1993 Act 155
4.3. Significance of the amendment 156
4.4. Composition of NHRC 156
4.5. Appointment 156
4.6. Removal 156
4.7. Emoluments 157
4.8. Functions of NHRC 157
4.9. Working of NHRC 157
4.10. Strengths of NHRC 158
4.11. Weaknesses of NHRC 158
5. State Human Rights Commission (SHRC) 158
5.1. Composition of SHRC 159
5.2. Term 159
5.3. Appointment 159
5.4. Removal 159
5.5. Emoluments 159
5.6. Functions of SHRC 159
5.7. Working of SHRC 160
6. Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) 160
6.1. Composition and Eligibility 161
6.2. Removal 161
6.3. Emoluments 162
6.4. Functions 162
6.5. Working of CVC 162
7. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 163
7.1. Composition of CBI 163
7.2. Organization of CBI 163
7.3. Functions of CBI 163
7.4. CBI as ‘Caged Parrot’ and steps to make it free 164
8. Central Information Commission (CIC) 164
8.1. Composition and Appointment 164
8.2. Tenure and Removal 164
8.3. Emoluments 165
8.4. Powers and Functions of Information Commissions 165
9. Lokpal 166
9.1. Composition 166
9.2. Appointment 166
9.3. Removal 167
9.4. Jurisdiction 167
9.4.1 Exceptions for Prime Minister 167
9.5. Emoluments 167
9.6. Functioning 167
9.7. Issues 167
9.8. Way forward 168
10. Press Council of India (PCI) 168
10.1. Composition 168
10.2. Functions 168
10.3. Powers 169
10.4. Limitations on its powers 169
11. National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (NCMEI) 169
12. Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions 170
13. UPSC Previous Years’ Questions 171
14. Previous Years’ Questions 171