Contents

1. Introduction 154

1.1. Evolution of Indian Judicial System 154

1.2. Conceptual basis of Indian Judicial System 154

1.2.1. Procedure established by Law vs. Due process of Law 154

1.2.2. Principle of Natural justice 155

2. Organisation of Judicial system 155

2.1. General Structure of Judicial System 155

2.2. Seat of Supreme Court 156

2.2.1. Demand of Regional Bench of Supreme Court 156

2.2.2. National Court of Appeal (NCA) 157

2.3. Comparison with American Supreme Court 158

3. Judges of Supreme Court 158

3.1. Appointment of Judges 158

3.1.1. Eligibility 158

3.1.2. Procedure of Appointment 159

3.1.3. Other Judges of Supreme Court 164

3.1.4. Number of Judges for Supreme Court 164

3.2. Oath of Judge 164

3.3. Salary and Allowances 164

3.4. Tenure 165

3.5. Removal of Judges 165

4. Procedure of Supreme Court 166

5. Independence of Supreme Court 167

6. Jurisdiction of Supreme Court 167

6.1. Original jurisdiction 167

6.2. Writ jurisdiction 168

6.3. Appellate jurisdiction 169

6.4. Advisory jurisdiction 169

6.5. Supreme Court as a court of record (Article 129) 170

6.6. Review of judgements or orders (Revisory jurisdiction) 170

6.7. Power of Judicial review 170

6.8. Other Powers of Supreme Court 171

7. Supreme Court Advocates 171

7.1. Senior Advocates 172

7.2. Advocates-on-Record 172

7.3. Other Advocates 172

8. Issues faced in the India Judicial System 172

8.1. Judicial Pendency and Delay 172

8.2. Demand for Larger Benches 176

8.3. Judicial Transparency 177

8.3.1. Installation of CCTV cameras 177

8.3.2. Live Streaming of Supreme Court Proceedings 177

8.4. Judicial Accountability 178

8.4.1. Court’s reluctance to come under Right to Information (RTI) 181

8.4.2. Need for larger benches 182

8.4.3. Frequent use of Article 142 183

8.5. Contempt of Court 183

8.6. Master of the Roster 185

8.7. Judges and Post-Retirement Positions 187

9. Recent Developments 189

9.1. Public Interest Litigation (PIL) 189

9.2. Affordable Justice Delivery 191

9.3. Online Justice Delivery 192

10. Articles Related to the Supreme Court 193

11. Previous year UPSC Prelims Questions 194

12. Previous year UPSC GS Mains Questions 196

13. Previous Year GS Mains Test Series Questions 197

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