♤ If the Vice President came to the office when the remaining term of the outgoing President was more than two years, then he will be eligible for only one more term

3.3.3. Functions of the Vice President of USA 3.4.1. House of Representatives 3.4.2. SENATE 3.5. Committee System in USA Difference from British and Indian System:3.6. Duration of Representative Bodies at the Centre 3.6.1. US 3.6.2. India 3.7. Doctrine of Separation of Power and the System of Checks and Balances 3.7.1. US 3.7.2. India 3.7.3. Checks and Balances 3.8. Fundamental Rights 3.9. Distribution of Legislative Power 3.9.1. India 3.9.2. US 3.10. Emergency and Suspension of Writs 3.11. Judiciary 3.12. Amendment of the Constitution 4.1. Salient Features of the Constitution 4.1.1. Preamble 4.1.2. Nature of Constitution 4.1.3. Basic Principles 4.1.4. Unitary System 4.1.5. Democratic Centralism 4.1.6. One Party System 4.1.7. Legislature Duration Powers 1. Enactment of Laws 2. Executive Powers 3. Elective functions Powers 4.1.8. Executive Premier President 4.1.9. Judiciary 4.1.10. Central Military Commission 4.1.11. Rights and Duties Rights 4.1.12. Communist Party of China Ideological Foundations Party Organization Politburo National Congress of the Communist Party of Congress Central Committee Other Parties and Groups 5. French Constitution 5.1. Introduction 5.2. President Removal of the President Emergency Powers of the President Comparative Analysis of the US and French Presidents Comparative Analysis of the French President and British P.M.5.3. The Legislature 5.3.1. National Assembly 5.3.2. The Senate 5.4. Prominent Features of the French Constitution 5.5. Amendment of the Constitution 6. Germany’s Constitution 6.1. Salient Features 6.1.1. Chancellor’s Democracy 6.1.2. Cabinet Principle 6.1.3. Constructive Vote of No-Confidence 6.1.4. Parliament The Bundestag The Bundesrat 7. Constitution of Japan 8. Constitution of Canada Features of Parliamentary Government as given in Constitution Act, 1867:The House of Commons Manner of Election Term and Tenure Powers The Senate 8.1.3. Federalism Changes in the nature of Canadian Federalism 8.1.4. Judiciary 8.1.5. Rights 9. Constitution of Australia 9.1. Salient Features 9.1.1. Form of Government 9.1.2. Nature of the Constitution 9.1.3. Parliament 9.1.4. Nature of Elections 9.1.5. Voting 9.1.6. Relations Between Levels of Government 10. Constitution of Switzerland Comparison scheme w.r.t Indian Constitution 11. Features-Wise Constitutional Comparison Scheme 11.1. The Preamble 11.2. Written Constitution 11.3. Nominal Head 11.5. Bicameral System of Parliament 11.6. Concept of Lower House Being More Powerful 11.8.1. Concept of Supreme Court 11.8.2. Laws on Which Supreme Court Function 11.8.4. Method of Removal of Supreme/High Court Judges 11.9. Fundamental Rights 11.9.1. Suspension of Fundamental Rights During Emergency 11.10. Fundamental Duties 11.11. Scheme of Federation Scheme of federation with a strong Centre Comparison of Indian Federalism with American Federalism Indian Constitution American Constitution 11.12. Freedom of Trade and Commerce Advantages of this adoption 11.13. Directive Principles of State Policy 11.14. Election of Members by the President Complete Overview of the adaptations in Chart form 14. UPSC GS Mains Questions 15. GS Mains Test Series Questions 1. The Indian constitution wonderfully adopts the via media between the American system of Judicial Supremacy and the British principle of parliamentary supremacy. Explain.Answer:2. The Upper Chamber of Parliaments across the world are generally considered less powerful vis-à-vis their Lower Chamber. However, they are also vested with certain functions and powers, which enables them to play a decisive role. Critically analyse with special emphasis on India.Answer:3. Whereas the legislature is empowered to regulate the ratification of international treaties in the United States, in India it is mostly the domain of the executive. Examine the rationale and benefits of these two approaches with examples.Answer:Treaty making in India 4. Ninth amendment to the American Constitution states that the enumeration of certain rights in the Bill of Rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Is this statement true with respect to the Constitution of India also? If yes, what is the difference between fundamental rights included in part 3 of our Constitution and the rights mentioned outside part 3?Answer:5. In comparison with the American constitutional arrangement, where there is strict separation of executive and legislature, the Indian Constitution provides for a fused structure. Do you think this system has worked for India?Answer:Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Definition 1.2. Functions of the Constitution Example:1.3. Understanding the Constitutionalism 2. Historical Underpinnings 2.1. Role of Developments under the British rule 2.2. Analysis 2.2.1. Developments under the Company Rule (1773-1858)2.2.2. Developments under the British Crown’s Rule 2.2.3. Other Intermediate Developments 3. Evolution 3.1. Two Dimensions 3.1.1. Evolution Prior to the Adoption of the Constitution 3.1.2. Evolution as an Ongoing Process 4. Salient Features of the Constitution of India 1. Lengthiest Written Constitution 2. Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility 3. A Democratic Republic 4. Parliamentary Form of Government 5. Mixture of Federal and Unitary Features 6. Fundamental Rights 7. Directive Principles of State Policy 8. Fundamental Duties 9. Secular State 10. Independent, Impartial and Integrated Judiciary 11. Single Citizenship 12. Universal Adult Franchise 13. Emergency Powers 14. Separation of Powers 15. Independent Bodies 16. Three Tiers of Government 5. Amendments 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Provision for Amendment Why is it needed?5.3. Types of Amendment ♤ By Simple Majority of Parliament ♤ By Special Majority of the Parliament ♤ By Special Majority of the Parliament and consent of States 5.4. Criticism of the Amendment Procedure 6. Sources of the Constitution 2005 Ans. C Ans. D Ans. A 9. GS Mains Test Series 1. A Constitution should not be amended too frequently, rather only when it becomes inevitable to do so. How far have amendments in the Indian Constitution followed this requirement?Approach:Answer:2. Though the Constitution-makers vested the power to amend the Constitution in the Parliament, since the Kesavananda Bharati case, the Supreme Court has become a decisive co-sharer in this power. Comment.Approach:Answer:3. Indian constitution is a borrowed constitution. Evaluate. Approach:Answer:4. Amendment process of the Indian constitution with that of Japan. Answer:THE PREAMBLE Contents 1. Introduction “We, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:2. Key Words in the Preamble 2.1. Sovereign 2.2. Socialist 2.3. Secular 2.4. Democratic 2.5. Republic 2.6. Liberty 2.7. Equality 2.8. Fraternity 2.9. Justice 3. Status of the Preamble 3.1. Traditional View 3.2. Modern View 3.3. Status of The Preamble in India 4. Amendability of the Preamble 5. Preamble as an Aid to the Interpretation of the Constitution 5.1. Berubari Case 5.2. Kesavananda Bharati Case 6. UPSC Previous Years Prelims questions 2013 2015 7. UPSC Previous Years GS Mains Questions 8. GS Mains Test Series Questions 1. In light of the controversy over Preamble, discuss the views that have emerged on its status and amendablity. In this context, discuss the purpose that the Preamble to the Constitution serves in our polity.Answer:2. Stating the preamble to the Indian constitution comment on its nature and scope. Approach:Answer:Scope of the Preamble Preamble as a derivative of the Objectives Resolution:Preamble as the philosophical framework guiding the Indian Constitution:UNION AND ITS TERRITORY Contents 1. Constitutional Provision: Article 1-4 (Part-I)1.1. Article 1 1.2. Article 2 1.3. Article 3 1.4. Article 4 2. Evolution of States and Union Territories 3. History of the Demand of Reorganisation of States 3.1. Timeline- Creation of New States in India 4. Issues in Reorganisation of States 4.1. Demand for New States - Is it a Threat to the Unity of the Nation?4.2. Is There a Need for 2nd State Reorganisation Commission?4.3. Gorkhaland Issue 5. UPSC Previous Years Prelims Questions 2001 2009 6. UPSC Previous Years GS Mains Questions 7. GS Mains Questions 1. While some argue that Article 3 provides usurping powers to the center at the cost of states, according to others it enables the Parliament to maintain and preserve federalism as enshrined in the constitution. Discuss. Is it time to have a relook at Article 3 in the spirit of co-operative federalism?Answer:1. The State Reorganization Commission had to operate within certain 'limiting factors' while reorganizing the country on linguistic grounds. Discuss these limiting factors.Answer:2. The State Reorganization Commission turned language from a dividing force to a cementing and integrating one. Critically evaluate.Answer:3. The demands for state formation in India have changed their bases from linguistic to backwardness, ethnicity etc. Examine this transformation of the bases for state reorganization.Answer:4. Ethnic similarities are as important as territorial boundaries in promoting the feeling of common brotherhood among the citizens of a country. In context of the above statement, examine the problems faced by people from North-East in other parts of India. Also analyse the steps taken by the government in this regard.Answer:Some other possible steps Contents 1. Introduction 2. Constitutional Provisions 2.1. Article 5- Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution 2.2. Article 6- Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan 2.3. Article 7- Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan 2.4. Article 8- Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India 2.5. Article 9- Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign state not to be citizens 2.6. Article 10- Continuance of the rights of citizenship 2.7. Article 11- Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law 3. Acquisition of Citizenship 3.1. Citizenship by Birth (Section 3)3.2. Citizenship by Descent (Section 4)3.3. Citizenship by Registration [Section 5]3.4. Citizenship by Naturalization (Section 6)3.5. Citizenship by Incorporation of Territory (Section 7)4. Loss of Citizenship 4.1. Renunciation of Citizenship (Section 8)4.2. Termination of Citizenship (Section 9)4.3. Deprivation of Citizenship (Section 10)5. Concept of Dual Citizenship 5.1. Overseas Citizen of India Cardholder 5.2. Other Steps taken towards Indian Diaspora 6. Status of Refugees in India Refugees from different countries in India 7. Refugee vs. Asylum Seeker lacks a uniform asylum policy.However, same time adoption of a uniform asylum policy can create some challenges like:8. Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 Background Arguments in favour of the Amendment Act Arguments against the Amendment Act Way Forward 9. National Register of Citizens 9.1. NRC Updation in Assam 9.2. Nationwide NRC 10. National Population Register (NPR) vs Aadhaar Background Benefit of NPR How is it different from Census and NRC?Issues regarding NPR Way Forward 11. The Idea of Citizenship – An Analysis 12. UPSC Previous Years Prelim Questions 2005 Ans (d)13. UPSC Previous Years Mains Questions 14. GS Mains Test Series Questions 1. Critically examine the provisions of the recently introduced Citizenship Amendment Bill 2016. Are some provisions of the bill against India's secular principles?Answer:2. “The recent plight of Hindu and Sikh refugees from Pakistan and the Rohingya Muslims from Myanmar again highlight the need to enact a specific refugee law in India.” What are the provisions in Indian law, which currently deal with refugees? Also discuss.3. Citizenship is the right to have rights. Approach:Answer:4. How is an asylum seeker different from a refugee? Discuss the need for a uniform asylum policy in India.Answer:5. Do you think nation states owe a responsibility towards asylum seekers? What are the considerations that should, in your opinion, go into the making of a refugee policy? Provide arguments with contemporary examples.Answer:FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Contents 1. Concept of Rights 2. Categories of Rights 2.1. Natural Rights 2.2. Human Rights 2.3. Legal rights 2.4. Constitutional Rights 2.5. Civil and Political Rights 2.6. Negative and Positive Rights 3. Understanding Fundamental Rights 4. Evolution of Fundamental Rights 5. Classes of Fundamental Rights 6. Details of Fundamental Rights 6.1. Article 12 – Definition of State 6.2. Article 13 6.3. Article 14 – Right to Equality 6.4. Article 15 – Right against Discrimination on Certain Grounds 6.5. Article 16- Right to Equality of Opportunities in Matters of Public Employment 6.6. Article 17 – Abolition of Untouchability 6.7. Article 18 6.8. Article 19 – Right to Freedom 6.9. Article 20- Protection in respect of Conviction for Offences 6.10. Article 21 – Right to Life and Liberty 6.11. Article 21A