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6. Details of Fundamental Rights
6.1. Article 12 – Definition of State
6.1.1. Text
6.1.2. Description
6.2. Article 13
6.2.1. Description
6.2.2. Judicial Review
6.2.2.1. Provisions
6.2.3. Doctrine of Eclipse
6.2.4. Doctrine of Severability
6.2.4.1. Motor General Trades v/s State of A.P. 1984
6.2.5. Doctrine of Waiver
6.2.6. Doctrine of Basic Structure
6.2.7. Doctrine of Prospective Over-Ruling
6.3. Article 14 – Right to Equality
6.3.1. Text
6.3.2. Description
6.3.2.2. Equal Protection of Law
6.3.3 Applicability
6.3.4. Exceptions
Article 361.
6.4. Article 15 – Right against Discrimination on Certain Grounds
6.4.1. Text
6.4.2. Applicability
6.4.3. Exceptions
6.4.4. Reservation Policy
Judicial pronouncements regarding Reservation
♤ Indra Sawhney vs. Union of India (1992)
♤ M. Nagaraj vs. Union of India (2006)
♤ Jarnail Singh v. Lachhmi Narain Gupta (2018)
6.4.4.1 Controversy related to reservation in Private Educational Institutions
6.4.4.2 Controversy related to reservation for Economically Weaker Sections
Arguments in favour of reservation based on economic status
Arguments against extending reservations on economic basis:
Way Forward
6.5. Article 16- Right to Equality of Opportunities in Matters of Public Employment
6.5.1. Text
6.5.2. Applicability
6.5.3. Exceptions
6.5.4. Issue of reservation in promotions
Way Forward
6.5.5 Issue of Local Reservation in Private Sector Jobs
Background
Issues with implementation of the ordinance
Way Forward
Conclusion
6.5.6 Job Reservations, Promotion Quotas Not A Fundamental Right
Analysis of Judgement
Conclusion
6.6. Article 17 – Abolition of Untouchability
6.6.1. Text
6.6.2. Description
6.6.3. The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955
6.6.4. The Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribe Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989
6.7. Article 18
6.7.1. Text
6.7.2. Description
6.7.3. Case of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards
6.8. Article 19 – Right to Freedom
6.8.1. Text
6.8.2. Applicability
6.8.3 Freedom of Speech and Expression
6.8.4. Freedom of Assembly
6.8.5. Freedom of Association
6.8.6. Freedom of Movement
6.8.7. Freedom of Residence
6.8.8. Freedom of Profession
6.8.9. Issues related to Rights under Article 19
6.8.9.2 Control of Social and Broadcast Media
6.8.9.3. Freedom of Speech and Civil Servants
6.8.9.4. Sedition
Views of the Supreme Court
Views of the Law Commission
Way Forward
6.8.9.5. Hate Speech
Observations of the Committee
Concerns associated with Committee’s recommendations –
Conclusion
6.8.9.6 Defamation
Why it should be retained?
Significance of this judgement
Why it should be retained?
6.8.9.7 Banning of films and books
6.8.9.8. Right to access internet
Internet shutdowns
♤ Legislative provisions:
Arguments against
Supreme Court’s observation On Internet shutdown
On Section 144 of CrPC:
Conclusion
6.8.9.9. Caste Rallies
6.8.9.10. Right to strike in case of Govt. Officials
6.9. Article 20- Protection in respect of Conviction for Offences
6.9.1. Text
6.9.2. Description
6.9.3. Controversies
6.9.3.2. Aftermath of 16th December 2012, Nirbhaya incident
6.9.4. Applicability
6.10. Article 21 – Right to Life and Liberty
6.10.1. Text
6.10.2. Description
6.10.3. Due Process of Law
6.10.4. Status in India
6.10.4.2. A.K. Gopalan Case (1950)
6.10.5. Impact of National Emergency and Applicability
6.10.6. Right to Death/Suicide
6.10.7. Death Penalty/Capital Punishment
6.10.8. Right to Privacy
6.10.9. Euthanasia/Mercy killing
6.10.9.1. Active Euthanasia
6.10.9.2. Passive Euthanasia
6.10.9.3. Living Will
6.10.9.4. Guarded Circumstances
6.10.10. Right to choose
6.11. Article 21A
6.11.1. Text of Right to education
6.11.2. Description/Historical Evolution
6.11.3. 86th Amendment Act
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