♤ M. Nagaraj vs. Union of India (2006)

o A five-judge constitution bench of the Supreme Court validated parliament’s decision to

extend reservations for SCs and STs to include promotions with three conditions:

 State has to provide proof for the backwardness of the class benefitting from the reservation.

 State has to collect quantifiable data showing inadequacy of representation of that class in public employment.

 State has to show how reservations in promotions would further administrative efficiency.