Contents

1. Introduction 74

2. Alternative Dispute Redressal Mechanisms 74

2.1. Rationale for alternative dispute resolution 74

2.2. Various Types of ADR mechanisms 75

2.2.1. Mediation 75

2.2.2. Arbitration 76

2.2.3. Conciliation 78

2.2.4. Negotiation 79

2.3. Shortcomings of ADR Mechanisms 79

2.4. Some informal Dispute Redressal Mechanisms 80

2.4.1. Lok Adalats 80

2.4.2. Nyaya Panchayats 80

2.4.3. Gram Nyayalayas 81

2.4.4. Family courts 82

3. Comparison between Judicial Process and various ADR process 83

4. Conclusion 84

5. Recent Developments 85

5.1. Online Dispute Redressal 85

5.1.1. Benefits of ODR 85

5.1.2. Concerns related to ODR 86

5.1.3. Measures that can be taken to establish ODR as effective Dispute Redressal Mechanism 86

5.2. New Delhi International Arbitration Centre (NDIAC) Act 87

6. UPSC Previous Years Mains Questions 87

7. UPSC Previous Years Prelims Question 88

8. Mains Test Series Questions 88

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