Table 1.1 Interim Government (1946)
Table 1.2 First Cabinet of Free India (1947)
Table 2.1 Allocation of seats in the Constituent Assembly of India (1946)
Table 2.2 Results of the Elections to the Constituent Assembly (July-August 1946)
Table 2.3 Community-wise Representation in the Constituent Assembly (1946)
Table 2.4 State-wise Membership of the Constituent Assembly of India as on December 31, 1947
Table 2.5 Sessions of the Constituent Assembly at a Glance Table 2.6 Time Taken by the Framers of Other Constitutions Table 2.7 Articles Related to Short Title, Commencement, Hindi
Text and Repeals at a Glance
Table 3.1 The Constitution of India at a Glance
Table 3.2 Important Articles of the Constitution at a Glance
Table 3.3 Schedules of the Constitution at a Glance Table 3.4 Sources of the Constitution at a Glance Table 5.1 Territory of India in 1950
Table 5.2 Original Parts of the Constitution Dealing with States and Territories
Table 5.3 Territory of India in 1956
Table 5.4 Territory of India in 2019
Table 5.5 Laws Made by Parliament Under Article 3 of the Constitution
Table 5.6 Articles Related to Union and its Territory at a Glance
Table 6.1 Comparing NRI, PIO and OCI Cardholder Table 6.2 Articles Related to Citizenship at a Glance Table 7.1 Fundamental Rights at a Glance
Table 7.2 Fundamental Rights (FR) of Foreigners
Table 7.3 Martial Law Vs National Emergency
Table 7.4 Articles Related to Fundamental Rights at a Glance
Table 8.1 Distinction Between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles
Table 8.2 Articles Related to Directive Principles of State Policy at a Glance
Table 11.1 Evolution of the Basic Structure of the Constitution Table 12.1 Comparing Parliamentary and Presidential Systems Table 13.1 Comparing Features of Federal and Unitary
Governments
Table 14.1 Articles Related to Centre-State Legislative Relations at a Glance
Table 14.2 Articles Related to Centre-State Administrative Relations at a Glance
Table 14.3 Articles Related to Centre-State Financial Relations at a Glance
Table 15.1 Inter-State Water Dispute Tribunals Set-up So Far Table 15.3 Articles Related to Inter-State Relations at a Glance Table 15.2 Zonal Councils at a Glance
Table 16.1 Comparing National Emergency and President’s Rule
Table 16.2 Imposition of President’s Rule (1951-2019)
Table 16.3 Articles Related to Emergency Provisions at a Glance
Table 17.1 Elections of the Presidents (1952-2017) Table 17.2 Veto Power of the President At a Glance Table 17.3 Articles Related to President at a Glance Table 18.1 Elections of the Vice-Presidents (1952-2017) Table 18.2 Articles Related to Vice-President at a Glance Table 19.1 Articles Related to Prime Minister at a Glance
Table 20.1 Distinction Between Council of Ministers and Cabinet
Table 20.2 Articles Related to Central Council of Ministers at a Glance
Table 22.1 Adjournment vs Prorogation
Table 22.2 Censure Motion vs No Confidence Motion
Table 22.3 Public Bill vs Private Bill
Table 22.4 Ordinary Bill vs Money Bill
Table 22.5 Allocation of Seats in Parliament for States and Union Territories (2019)
Table 22.6 Seats Reserved for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha (2019)
Table 22.7 Durations of the Lok Sabha (from First Lok Sabha to Present Lok Sabha)
Table 22.8 Speakers of the Lok Sabha (from First Lok Sabha to Present Lok Sabha)
Table 22.9 Articles Related to Parliament at a Glance
Table 23.1 Departmental Standing Committees and their Jurisdiction (2019)
Table 26.1 Comparing Indian and American Supreme Courts Table 26.2 Articles Related to Supreme Court at a Glance Table 27.1 Number of Acts and Regulations Included in the
Ninth Schedule
Table 30.1 Comparing Veto Powers of President and Governor
Table 30.2 Comparing Ordinance-Making Power of President and Governor
Table 30.3 Comparing Pardoning Powers of President and Governor
Table 30.4 Articles Related to Governor at a Glance
Table 31.1 Articles Related to Chief Minister at a Glance
Table 32.1 Articles Related to State Council of Ministers at a Glance
Table 33.1 Comparing Legislative Procedure in the Parliament and State Legislature
Table 33.2 Strength of Legislative Assemblies and Legislative Councils (2019)
Table 33.3 Seats Reserved for SCs and STs in the Legislative Assemblies (2019)
Table 33.4 Articles Related to State Legislature at a Glance
Table 33.5 Laws made by Parliament under Article 169 of the Constitution
Table 34.1 Name and Jurisdiction of High Courts Table 34.2 Articles Related to High Courts at a Glance Table 35.1 Name and Jurisdiction of Benches of CAT Table 35.2 Circuit Sittings of Benches of CAT
Table 35.3 Articles Related to Tribunals at a Glance
Table 36.1 Articles Related to Subordinate Courts at a Glance
Table 37.1 Articles Related to Special Provisions for some States at a Glance
Table 38.1 Study Teams and Committees on Panchayati Raj Table 38.2 Articles Related to Panchayats at a Glance Table 38.3 Name of Panchayati Raj Institutions in the States
(2019)
Table 38.4 Milestones in the Evolution of Panchayati Raj
Table 38.5 Committees Related to Panchayati Raj (After Constitutionalisation)
Table 39.1 Committees and Commissions on Urban Local Governments
Table 39.2 Classification of Cantonment Boards
Table 39.3 Articles Related to Municipalities at a Glance Table 39.4 Name of Urban Local Bodies in the States (2019) Table 40.1 Administrative System of Union Territories at a
Glance
Table 40.2 Comparing States and Union Territories
Table 40.3 Articles Related to Union Territories at a Glance
Table 41.1 Tribal Areas at a Glance (2019)
Table 41.2 Articles Related to Scheduled and Tribal Areas at a Glance
Table 41.3 Parliamentary Laws Related to the Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the Constitution
Table 43.1 Articles Related to UPSC at a Glance Table 44.1 Articles Related to SPSC at a Glance Table 45.1 Finance Commissions Appointed so far
Table 45.2 Articles Related to Finance Commission at a Glance
Table 51.1 Articles Related to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India at a Glance
Table 52.1 Articles Related to Attorney-General of India at a Glance
Table 53.1 Articles Related to Advocate-General of the state at a Glance
Table 53.2 Articles Related to Constitutional Bodies at a Glance
Table 57.1 National Commissions / Central Bodies and the Related Ministries
Table 61.1 Establishment of Lokayukta in States (Chronological Order)
Table 64.1 Articles Related to Co-operative Societies at a Glance
Table 65.1 Languages conferred with Classical Language Status
Table 65.2 Articles Related to Official Language at a Glance Table 66.1 Articles Related to Public Services at a Glance Table 67.1 Articles Related to Rights and Liabilities of the
Government at a Glance
Table 68.1 Articles Related to Special Provisions for Certain Classes at a Glance
Table 69.1 Recognised National Parties and State Parties (First to Seventeenth General Elections)
Table 69.2 Recognised National Parties and their Symbols (2019)
Table 69.3 Recognised State Parties and their Symbols (2019) Table 69.4 Formation of Political Parties (Chronological Order) Table 71.1 Results of Lok Sabha Elections
Table 71.2 Prime Ministers after each Lok Sabha General Election
Table 71.3 Participation in Lok Sabha Elections Table 71.4 Women in Lok Sabha Elections Table 71.5 Cost of Lok Sabha Elections
Table 71.6 Largest and Smallest (Area-wise) Lok Sabha Constituencies in Fourteenth General Elections (2004)
Table 71.7 Largest and Smallest (Electors-wise) Lok Sabha Constituencies in Sixteenth General Elections (2014)
Table 71.8 Articles Related to Elections at a Glance
Table 73.1 Limit on Election Expenditure (As declared in 2014) Table 75.1 Formation of Coalition Governments at the Centre Table 78.1 Meetings of the National Integration Council
PART-I CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK1. Historical BackgroundThe features of this Act were as foIIows:Amending Act of 1781The features of this Act were as foIIows:Pitt’s India Act of 1784The features of this Act were as foIIows:Act of 1786Charter Act of 1793The features of this Act were as foIIows:Charter Act of 1813The features of this Act were as foIIows:Charter Act of 1833The features of this Act were as foIIows:Charter Act of 1853The features of this Act were as foIIows:THE CROWN RULE (1858-1947)The features of this Act were as foIIows:Indian Councils Act of 1861The features of this Act were as foIIows:Indian Councils Act of 1892The features of this Act were as foIIows:Indian Councils Act of 1909The features of this Act were as foIIows:Government of India Act of 1919The features of this Act were as foIIows:Communal AwardGovernment of India Act of 1935The features of this Act were as foIIows:Indian Independence Act of 1947The features of this Act were as foIIows:2 Making of the ConstitutionDEMAND FOR A CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLYCOMPOSITION OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLYThe features of the scheme were:WORKING OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLYObjectives ResolutionChanges by the Independence ActOther Functions PerformedCOMMITTEES OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLYMajor CommitteesMinor CommitteesDrafting CommitteeENACTMENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONENFORCEMENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONEXPERTS COMMITTEE OF THE CONGRESSCRITICISM OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLYIMPORTANT FACTSHINDI TEXT OF THE CONSTITUTIONNOTES AND REFERENCES3 Salient Features of the ConstitutionSALIENT FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION1. Lengthiest Written Constitution2. Drawn From Various Sources3. Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility4. Federal System with Unitary Bias5. Parliamentary Form of GovernmentThe features of parIiamentary government in India are:6. Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy7. Integrated and Independent Judiciary8. Fundamental Rights9. Directive Principles of State Policy10. Fundamental Duties11. A Secular State12. Universal Adult Franchise13. Single Citizenship14. Independent Bodies15. Emergency Provisions16. Three-tier Government17. Co-operative SocietiesCRITICISM OF THE CONSTITUTION1. A Borrowed Constitution2. A Carbon Copy of the 1935 Act3. Un-Indian or Anti-Indian4. An Un-Gandhian Constitution5. EIephantine Size6. Paradise of the LawyersEleventh ScheduleNOTES AND REFERENCES4 Preamble of the ConstitutionTEXT OF THE PREAMBLEINGREDIENTS OF THE PREAMBLEKEY WORDS IN THE PREAMBLE1. Sovereign2. Socialist3. Secular4. Democratic5. Republic6. Justice7. Liberty8. Equality9. FraternitySIGNIFICANCE OF THE PREAMBLEPREAMBLE AS PART OF THE CONSTITUTIONAMENABILITY OF THE PREAMBLENOTES AND REFERENCES5 Union and its TerritoryUNION OF STATESPARLIAMENT’S POWER TO REORGANISE THE STATESEXCHANGE OF TERRITORIES WITH BANGLADESHEVOLUTION OF STATES AND UNION TERRITORIESDhar Commission and JVP CommitteeFazl Ali CommissionNew States and Union Territories Created After 1956Maharashtra and GujaratDadra and Nagar HaveliGoa, Daman and DiuPuducherryNagalandHaryana, Chandigarh and Himachal PradeshManipur, Tripura and MeghalayaSikkimMizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and GoaChhattisgarh, Uttarakhand and JharkhandTelanganaJammu & Kashmir and LadakhChange of NamesStates Union TerritoriesNOTES AND REFERENCESAcquisition of CitizenshipLoss of CitizenshipI. Registration of Overseas Citizen of India CardholderII. Conferment of Rights on Overseas Citizen of India CardholderIII. Renunciation of Overseas Citizen of India CardIV. Cancellation of Registration as Overseas Citizen of India Cardholder1. Equality before Law and Equal Protection of Laws2. Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds3. Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment4. Abolition of Untouchability5. Abolition of Titles1. Protection of Six Rights2. Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offences3. Protection of Life and Personal Liberty4. Right to Education5. Protection Against Arrest and Detention1. Prohibition of Traffic in Human Beings and Forced Labour2. Prohibition of Employment of Children in Factories, etc.1. Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion2. Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs3. Freedom from Taxation for Promotion of a Religion4. Freedom from Attending Religious Instruction1. Protection of Interests of Minorities2. Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational InstitutionsHabeas CorpusMandamusProhibitionCertiorariQuo-Warranto1. Saving of Laws Providing for Acquisition of Estates, etc.2. Validation of Certain Acts and Regulations3. Saving of Laws Giving Effect to Certain Directive Principles1. Excessive Limitations2. No Social and Economic Rights3. No Clarity4. No Permanency5. Suspension During Emergency6. Expensive Remedy7. Preventive Detention8. No Consistent Philosophy8 Directive Principles of State PolicyFEATURES OF THE DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLESCLASSIFICATION OF THE DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLESSocialistic PrinciplesGandhian PrinciplesLiberal-Intellectual PrinciplesNEW DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLESSANCTION BEHIND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLESCRITICISM OF THE DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES1. No Legal Force2. Illogically Arranged3. Conservative4. Constitutional ConflictUTILITY OF DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLESCONFLICT BETWEEN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLESIMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLESDIRECTIVES OUTSIDE PART IVNOTES AND REFERENCES9 Fundamental DutiesSWARAN SINGH COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONSLIST OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIESFEATURES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIESCRITICISM OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIESSIGNIFICANCE OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIESVERMA COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONSNOTES AND REFERENCES10 Amendment of the ConstitutionPROCEDURE FOR AMENDMENTTYPES OF AMENDMENTSBy Simple Majority of ParliamentBy Special Majority of ParliamentBy Special Majority of Parliament and Consent of StatesCRITICISM OF THE AMENDMENT PROCEDURENOTES AND REFERENCES11 Basic Structure of the ConstitutionEMERGENCE OF THE BASIC STRUCTUREELEMENTS OF THE BASIC STRUCTURESl.NOTES AND REFERENCESPART-II12. Parliamentary System1. Nominal and Real Executives2. Majority Party Rule3. Collective Responsibility4. Political Homogeneity5. Double Membership6. Leadership of the Prime Minister7. Dissolution of the Lower House8. SecrecyFEATURES OF PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENTMERITS OF THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM1. Harmony Between Legislature and Executive2. Responsible Government3. Prevents Despotism4. Ready Alternative Government5. Wide RepresentationDEMERITS OF THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM1. Unstable Government2. No Continuity of Policies3. Dictatorship of the Cabinet4. Against Separation of Powers5. Government by AmateursREASONS FOR ADOPTING PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM1. Familiarity with the System2. Preference to More Responsibility3. Need to Avoid Legislative-Executive Conflicts4. Nature of Indian SocietyDISTINCTION BETWEEN INDIAN AND BRITISH MODELSNOTES AND REFERENCES1. Dual Polity2. Written Constitution3. Division of Powers4. Supremacy of the Constitution5. Rigid Constitution6. Independent Judiciary7. Bicameralism1. Strong Centre2. States Not Indestructible3. Single Constitution4. Flexibility of the Constitution5. No Equality of State Representation6. Emergency Provisions7. Single Citizenship8. Integrated Judiciary9. All-India Services10. Integrated Audit Machinery11. Parliament’s Authority Over State List12. Appointment of Governor13. Integrated Election Machinery14. Veto Over State Bills1. Territorial Extent of Central and State Legislation2. Distribution of Legislative Subjects3. Parliamentary Legislation in the State Field4. Centre’s Control Over State LegislationDistribution of Executive PowersObligation of States and the CentreCentre’s Directions to the StatesMutual Delegation of FunctionsCooperation Between the Centre and StatesAll-India ServicesPublic Service CommissionsIntegrated Judicial SystemRelations During EmergenciesOther ProvisionsExtra-Constitutional DevicesAllocation of Taxing PowersDistribution of Tax RevenuesDistribution of Non-tax RevenuesGrants-in-Aid to the StatesGoods and Services Tax CouncilFinance CommissionProtection of the States’ InterestBorrowing by the Centre and the StatesInter-Governmental Tax ImmunitiesEffects of EmergenciesTension Areas in Centre-State RelationsAdministrative Reforms CommissionRajamannar CommitteeAnandpur Sahib ResolutionWest Bengal MemorandumSarkaria CommissionPunchhi Commission15 Inter-State RelationsEstablishment of Inter-State Council16 Emergency ProvisionsNATIONAL EMERGENCYParliamentary Approval and DurationRevocation of ProclamationEffects of National EmergencyEffect on the Centre-State RelationsEffect on the Life of the Lok Sabha and State AssemblyEffect on the Fundamental RightsDistinction Between Articles 358 and 359Declarations Made So FarPRESIDENT’S RULEParliamentary Approval and DurationConsequences of President’s RuleUse of Article 356National Emergency (Article 352)President’s Rule (Article 356)Scope of Judicial ReviewCases of Proper and Improper UseFINANCIAL EMERGENCYParliamentary Approval and DurationEffects of Financial EmergencyCRITICISM OF THE EMERGENCY PROVISIONSNOTES AND REFERENCESPART-III CENTRAL GOVERNMENT17. PresidentOath or Affirmation by the PresidentConditions of President’s OfficeTerm of President’s OfficeImpeachment of PresidentVacancy in the President’s OfficeExecutive PowersLegislative PowersFinancial PowersJudicial PowersDiplomatic PowersMilitary PowersEmergency PowersAbsolute VetoSuspensive VetoPocket VetoPresidential Veto over State Legislation18 Vice-PresidentELECTIONQUALIFICATIONS, OATH AND CONDITIONSOath or AffirmationConditions of OfficeTERM AND VACANCYVacancy in OfficePOWERS AND FUNCTIONSINDIAN AND AMERICAN VICEPRESIDENTS COMPAREDNOTES AND REFERENCES19 Prime MinisterAPPOINTMENT OF THE PRIME MINISTEROATH, TERM AND SALARYPOWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PRIME MINISTERIn Relation to Council of MinistersIn Relation to the PresidentIn Relation to ParliamentOther Powers & FunctionsROLE DESCRIPTIONSLord MorelyHerbert MarrisonSir William Vernor HarcourtJenningsH.J. LaskiH.R.G. GreavesMunroRamsay MuirRELATIONSHIP WITH THE PRESIDENT1. Article 742. Article 753. Article 78CHIEF MINISTERS WHO BECAME PRIME MINISTERSNOTES AND REFERENCES20 Central Council of MinistersCONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONSArticle 75-Other Provisions as to MinistersArticle 77-Conduct of Business of the Government of IndiaArticle 78-Duties of Prime MinisterArticle 88-Rights of Ministers as Respects the HousesNATURE OF ADVICE BY MINISTERSAPPOINTMENT OF MINISTERSOATH AND SALARY OF MINISTERSRESPONSIBILITY OF MINISTERSIndividual ResponsibilityNo Legal ResponsibilityCOMPOSITION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERSCOUNCIL OF MINISTERS VS CABINETROLE OF CABINETROLE DESCRIPTIONSRamsay MuirLowellSir John MarriottGladstoneBarkerBagehotSir Ivor JenningsL.S. AmeryKITCHEN CABINETNOTES AND REFERENCES21 Cabinet CommitteesFEATURES OF CABINET COMMITTEESLIST OF CABINET COMMITTEESFUNCTIONS OF CABINET COMMITTEESGROUPS OF MINISTERSNOTES AND REFERENCES22 ParliamentORGANISATION OF PARLIAMENTCOMPOSITION OF THE TWO HOUSES1. Representation of States2. Representation of Union Territories3. Nominated MembersComposition of Lok Sabha1. Representation of States2. Representation of Union Territories3. Nominated MembersSYSTEM OF ELECTIONS TO LOK SABHATerritorial ConstituenciesReadjustment after each CensusReservation of Seats for SCs and STsFirst-Past-The-Post SystemDURATION OF TWO HOUSESDuration of Lok SabhaMEMBERSHIP OF PARLIAMENTDisqualificationsDisqualification on Ground of DefectionVacating of Seats1. Double Membership2. Disqualification3. Resignation4. Absence5. Other casesOath or AffirmationSalaries and AllowancesPRESIDING OFFICERS OF PARLIAMENTSpeaker of Lok SabhaElection and TenureRole, Powers and FunctionsIndependence and ImpartialityDeputy Speaker of Lok SabhaPanel of Chairpersons of Lok SabhaChairman of Rajya SabhaDeputy Chairman of Rajya SabhaPanel of Vice-Chairpersons of Rajya SabhaSecretariat of ParliamentLEADERS IN PARLIAMENTLeader of the OppositionWhipSESSIONS OF PARLIAMENTAdjournmentProrogationDissolutionAdjournment ProrogationQuorumVoting in HouseLanguage in ParliamentRights of Ministers and Attorney GeneralLame-duck SessionDEVICES OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDINGSZero HourMotionsClosure MotionPrivilege MotionCalling Attention MotionAdjournment MotionNo-Confidence MotionConfidence MotionCensure MotionMotion of ThanksNo-Day-Yet-Named MotionDilatory MotionPoint of OrderHalf-an-Hour DiscussionShort Duration DiscussionSpecial MentionResolutionsYouth ParliamentLEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE IN PARLIAMENTOrdinary Bills1. First Reading2. Second Reading3. Third Reading4. Bill in the Second House5. Assent of the PresidentMoney BillsFinancial BillsFinancial Bills (I)Financial Bills (II)JOINT SITTING OF TWO HOUSESBUDGET IN PARLIAMENTConstitutional ProvisionsCharged ExpenditureStages in Enactment1. Presentation of Budget2. General Discussion3. Scrutiny by Departmental Committees4. Voting on Demands for Grants5. Passing of Appropriation Bill6. Passing of Finance BillOther GrantsSupplementary GrantAdditional GrantExcess GrantVote of CreditExceptional GrantToken GrantFundsConsolidated Fund of IndiaPublic Account of IndiaContingency Fund of IndiaMULTIFUNCTIONAL ROLE OF PARLIAMENT1. Legislative Powers and Functions2. Executive Powers and Functions3. Financial Powers and Functions4. Constituent Powers and Functions5. Judicial Powers and Functions6. Electoral Powers and Functions7. Other Powers and FunctionsINEFFECTIVENESS OF PARLIAMENTARY CONTROLPOSITION OF RAJYA SABHAEqual Status with Lok SabhaUnequal Status with Lok SabhaSpecial Powers of Rajya SabhaPARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGESClassificationCollective PrivilegesIndividual PrivilegesBreach of Privilege and Contempt of the HouseSources of PrivilegesSOVEREIGNTY OF PARLIAMENT1. Written Nature of the Constitution2. Federal System of Government3. System of Judicial Review4. Fundamental RightsConduct of BusinessDisqualifications of MembersPowers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its MembersLegislative ProcedureProcedures in Financial MattersProcedure GenerallyLegislative Powers of the PresidentNOTES AND REFERENCES23 Parliamentary CommitteesMEANINGCLASSIFICATIONStanding Committees1. FinanciaI Committees2. DepartmentaI Standing Committees (24)4. Committees to Scrutinise and ControI5. Committees ReIating to the Day-to-Day Business of the House6. House-Keeping Committees or Service Committees (i.e., Committees concerned with the Provision of FaciIities and Services to Members):Ad Hoc CommitteesFINANCIAL COMMITTEESPubIic Accounts CommitteeEstimates CommitteeCommittee on PubIic UndertakingsDEPARTMENTAL STANDING COMMITTEESII. Committees under Lok SabhaCOMMITTEES TO INQUIRECommittee on PetitionsCommittee of PriviIegesEthics CommitteeCOMMITTEES TO SCRUTINISE AND CONTROLCommittee on Government AssurancesCommittee on Subordinate LegisIationCommittee on Papers Laid on the TabIeCommittee on WeIfare of SCs and STsCommittee on Empowerment of WomenJoint Committee on Offices of ProfitCOMMITTEES RELATING TO THE DAY-TO-DAY BUSINESS OF THE HOUSEBusiness Advisory CommitteeCommittee on Private Members’ BiIIs and ResoIutionsRuIes CommitteeCommittee on Absence of MembersHOUSE-KEEPING COMMITTEESGeneraI Purposes CommitteeHouse CommitteeLibrary CommitteeJoint Committee on SaIaries and AIIowances of MembersCONSULTATIVE COMMITTEESNOTES AND REFERENCES24 Parliamentary ForumsESTABLISHMENT OF THE FORUMSOBJECTIVES OF THE FORUMSCOMPOSITION OF THE FORUMSFUNCTIONS OF THE FORUMSParliamentary Forum on YouthParliamentary Forum on ChildrenParliamentary Forum on Population and Public HealthParliamentary Forum on Global Warming and Climate ChangeParliamentary Forum on Disaster ManagementParliamentary Forum on Artisans and CraftspeopleParliamentary Forum on Millennium Development GoalsNOTES AND REFERENCES25 Parliamentary GroupRATIONALE OF THE GROUPCOMPOSITION OF THE GROUPOBJECTIVES OF THE GROUPFUNCTIONS OF THE GROUPTHE GROUP AND IPU7THE GROUP AND CPA8NOTES AND REFERENCES26 Supreme CourtCOMPOSITION AND APPOINTMENTAppointment of JudgesAppointment of ChiefQUALIFICATIONS, OATH AND SALARIESQualifications of JudgesOath or AffirmationSalaries and AllowancesTENURE AND REMOVALTenure of JudgesRemoval of JudgesACTING, ADHOC AND RETIRED JUDGESActing Chief JusticeAd hoc JudgeRetired JudgeSEAT AND PROCEDURESeat of Supreme CourtProcedure of the CourtINDEPENDENCE OF SUPREME COURT1. Mode of Appointment2. Security of Tenure3. Fixed Service Conditions4. Expenses Charged on ConsoIidated Fund5. Conduct of Judges cannot be Discussed6. Ban on Practice after Retirement7. Power to Punish for its Contempt8. Freedom to Appoint its Staff9. Its Jurisdiction cannot be CurtaiIed10. Separation from ExecutiveJURISDICTION AND POWERS OF SUPREME COURT1. Original Jurisdiction2. Writ Jurisdiction3. Appellate Jurisdiction(a) Constitutional Matters(b) Civil Matters(c) Criminal Matters(d) Appeal by Special Leave4. Advisory Jurisdiction5. A Court of Record6. Power of Judicial Review7. Constitutional Interpretation8. Other PowersSUPREME COURT ADVOCATES1. Senior Advocates2. Advocates-on-Record3. Other AdvocatesNOTES AND REFERENCES27 Judicial ReviewMEANING OF JUDICIAL REVIEWIMPORTANCE OF JUDICIAL REVIEWCONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR JUDICIAL REVIEWSCOPE OF JUDICIAL REVIEWJUDICIAL REVIEW OF THE NINTH SCHEDULENOTES AND REFERENCES28 Judicial ActivismMEANING OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISMJUDICIAL REVIEW AND JUDICIAL ACTIVISMJUSTIFICATION OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISMACTIVATORS OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISMAPPREHENSIONS OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISMJUDICIAL ACTIVISM VS. JUDICIAL RESTRAINTAssumptions of Judicial RestraintSupreme Court ObservationsNOTES AND REFERENCES29 Public Interest LitigationMEANING OF PILFEATURES OF PILSCOPE OF PILPRINCIPLES OF PILGUIDELINES FOR ADMITTING PILNOTES AND REFERENCESPART-IV STATE GOVERNMENT30. GovernorExecutive PowersLegislative PowersFinancial PowersJudicial PowersIn Relation to Council of MinistersIn Relation to the GovernorIn Relation to State LegislatureOther Powers and Functions32 State Council of MinistersCONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONSArticle 164-Other Provisions as to MinistersArticle 166-Conduct of Business of the Government of a StateArticle 167-Duties of Chief MinisterArticle 177-Rights of Ministers as Respects the HousesNATURE OF ADVICE BY MINISTERSAPPOINTMENT OF MINISTERSOATH AND SALARY OF MINISTERSRESPONSIBILITY OF MINISTERSIndividual ResponsibilityNo Legal ResponsibilityCOMPOSITION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERSCABINETCabinet CommitteesNOTES AND REFERENCESComposition of AssemblyComposition of CouncilDuration of AssemblyDuration of Council1. Qualifications2. Disqualifications3. Oath or Affirmation4. Vacation of SeatsSpeaker of AssemblyDeputy Speaker of AssemblyChairman of CouncilDeputy Chairman of CouncilSummoningAdjournmentProrogationDissolutionQuorumVoting in HouseLanguage in State LegislatureRights of Ministers and Advocate GeneralOrdinary BillsMoney BillsEqual with AssemblyUnequal with AssemblyCollective PrivilegesIndividual Privileges34 High CourtCOMPOSITION AND APPOINTMENTAppointment of JudgesQUALIFICATIONS, OATH AND SALARIESQualifications of JudgesOath or AffirmationSalaries and AllowancesTENURE, REMOVAL AND TRANSFERTenure of JudgesRemoval of JudgesTransfer of JudgesACTING, ADDITIONAL AND RETIRED JUDGESActing Chief JusticeAdditional and Acting JudgesRetired JudgesINDEPENDENCE OF HIGH COURT1. Mode of Appointment2. Security of Tenure3. Fixed Service Conditions4. Expenses Charged on ConsoIidated Fund5. Conduct of Judges cannot be Discussed6. Ban on Practice after Retirement7. Power to Punish for its Contempt8. Freedom to Appoint its Staff9. Its Jurisdiction cannot be CurtaiIed10. Separation from ExecutiveJURISDICTION AND POWERS OF HIGH COURT1. Original Jurisdiction2. Writ Jurisdiction3. Appellate Jurisdiction(a) Civil Matters(b) Criminal Matters4. Supervisory Jurisdiction5. Control over Subordinate Courts6. A Court of Record7. Power of Judicial ReviewNOTES AND REFERENCES35 TribunalsADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALSCentral Administrative Tribunal (CAT)State Administrative TribunalsTRIBUNALS FOR OTHER MATTERSSl.Sl.NOTES AND REFERENCESMeaningStatutory StatusBenefitsReasonsFeaturesReasonsFeaturesReasonsFeaturesEstablishment37 Special Provisions for Some StatesAssamManipurArunachal PradeshGoaPART-V LOCAL GOVERNMENT38. Panchayati RajStudy Teams and CommitteesAshok Mehta CommitteeG.V.K. Rao CommitteeL M Singhvi CommitteeThungon CommitteeGadgil CommitteeConstitutionalisationSignificance of the ActSalient FeaturesA. Compulsory ProvisionsB. Voluntary ProvisionsObjectives of the ActFeatures of the ActHistorical PerspectiveCommittees and CommissionsConstitutionalisationSalient Features1. Municipal Corporation2. Municipality3. Notified Area Committee4. Town Area Committee5. Cantonment Board6. Township7. Port Trust8. Special Purpose AgencyPART-VI40. Union TerritoriesADMINISTRATION OF UNION TERRITORIESSPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR DELHIADVISORY COMMITTEES OF UNION TERRITORIESNOTES AND REFERENCES41 Scheduled and Tribal AreasADMINISTRATION OF SCHEDULED AREASADMINISTRATION OF TRIBAL AREASStates Tribal AreasNOTES AND REFERENCESPART-VII CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES42. Election CommissionINDEPENDENCEPOWERS AND FUNCTIONSVISION, MISSION AND PRINCIPLES6VisionMissionGuiding PrinciplesNOTES AND REFERENCES44 State Public Service Commission46 Goods and Services Tax Council47 National Commission for SCsEVOLUTION OF THE COMMISSIONFUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSIONREPORT OF THE COMMISSIONPOWERS OF THE COMMISSIONNOTES AND REFERENCES48 National Commission for STsSEPARATE COMMISSION FOR STSFUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSIONOTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSIONREPORT OF THE COMMISSIONPOWERS OF THE COMMISSIONNOTES AND REFERENCES49 National Commission for BCsESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMISSIONFUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSIONREPORT OF THE COMMISSIONPOWERS OF THE COMMISSIONNOTES AND REFERENCES50 Special Officer for Linguistic MinoritiesCONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONSCOMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIESROLE OF THE COMMISSIONERVISION AND MISSIONVisionMissionFUNCTIONS AND OBJECTIVESFunctionsObjectivesNOTES AND REFERENCES51 Comptroller and Auditor General of IndiaAPPOINTMENT AND TERMINDEPENDENCEDUTIES AND POWERSROLECAG AND CORPORATIONSAPPLEBY’S CRITICISMNOTES AND REFERENCES52 Attorney General of IndiaAPPOINTMENT AND TERMDUTIES AND FUNCTIONSRIGHTS AND LIMITATIONSSOLICITOR GENERAL OF INDIANOTES AND REFERENCES53 Advocate General of the StateAPPOINTMENT AND TERMDUTIES AND FUNCTIONSNOTES AND REFERENCESPART-VIII54. NITI Aayog55 National Human Rights CommissionESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMISSIONCOMPOSITION OF THE COMMISSIONFUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSIONWORKING OF THE COMMISSIONROLE OF THE COMMISSIONPERFORMANCE OF THE COMMISSIONNOTES AND REFERENCES56 State Human Rights CommissionCOMPOSITION OF THE COMMISSIONFUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSIONWORKING OF THE COMMISSIONHUMAN RIGHTS COURTS2019 AMENDMENT ACTNOTES AND REFERENCES57 Central Information CommissionCOMPOSITIONTENURE AND SERVICE CONDITIONSPOWERS AND FUNCTIONSNOTES AND REFERENCES58 State Information CommissionCOMPOSITIONTENURE AND SERVICE CONDITIONSPOWERS AND FUNCTIONSRTI AMENDMENT ACT, 2019NOTES AND REFERENCES59 Central Vigilance CommissionESTABLISHMENTCOMPOSITIONORGANISATIONFUNCTIONSJURISDICTIONWORKINGVIGILANCE UNITS IN THE MINISTRIESWHISTLE BLOWERS PROTECTION ACT (2014)NOTES AND REFERENCES60 Central Bureau of InvestigationESTABLISHMENT OF CBIMOTTO, MISSION AND VISION OF CBIORGANISATION OF CBICOMPOSITION OF CBIFUNCTIONS OF CBIPROVISION OF PRIOR PERMISSIONCBI VS. STATE POLICECBI ACADEMYNOTES AND REFERENCESFeaturesDrawbacksStructural VariationsAppointmentQualificationsTenureJurisdictionInvestigationsScope of Cases CoveredOther Features62 National Investigation AgencyESTABLISHMENT OF THE NIARATIONALE OF THE NIAFUNCTIONS OF THE NIAVISION OF THE NIAMISSION OF THE NIAJURISDICTION OF THE NIANIA (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2019NOTES AND REFERENCES63 National Disaster Management AuthorityESTABLISHMENT OF THE NDMAOBJECTIVES OF THE NDMAFUNCTIONS OF THE NDMAADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF THE NDMASTATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITYFunctionsDISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITYFunctionsNOTES AND REFERENCESPART-IX64. Co-operative SocietiesREASONS FOR THE 97TH AMENDMENTNOTES AND REFERENCES65 Official LanguageLANGUAGE OF THE UNIONREGIONAL LANGUAGESLANGUAGE OF THE JUDICIARY AND TEXTS OF LAWSSPECIAL DIRECTIVESProtection of Linguistic MinoritiesDevelopment of Hindi LanguageCOMMITTEE OF PARLIAMENT ON OFFICIAL LANGUAGE9CLASSICAL LANGUAGE STATUSBenefitsCriteriaNOTES AND REFERENCES66 Public ServicesCLASSIFICATION OF SERVICESAll-India ServicesCentral ServicesState ServicesCONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS1. Recruitment and Service Conditions2. Tenure of Office3. Safeguards to Civil Servants4. All-India Services5. Other ProvisionsNOTES AND REFERENCES67 Rights and Liabilities of the GovernmentPROPERTY OF THE UNION AND THE STATES3. Sea-Wealth4. Compulsory Acquisition by Law5. Acquisition under Executive PowerSUITS BY OR AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT1. Liability for Contracts2. Liability for TortsSUITS AGAINST PUBLIC OFFICIALS(a) Official Acts(b) Personal Acts2. Ministers3. Judicial Officers4. Civil ServantsArticle No. Subject-matterNOTES AND REFERENCES68 Special Provisions Relating to Certain ClassesRATIONALE OF SPECIAL PROVISIONSSPECIFICATION OF CLASSESCOMPONENTS OF SPECIAL PROVISIONSNOTES AND REFERENCESPART-X POLITICAL DYNAMICS69. Political PartiesMulti-Party SystemOne-Dominant Party SystemLack of Clear IdeologyPersonality CultBased on Traditional FactorsEmergence of Regional PartiesFactions and DefectionsLack of Effective OppositionRECOGNITION OF NATIONAL AND STATE PARTIESConditions for Recognition as a National PartyConditions for Recognition as a State PartyGeneral Elections Number of Number of StateSl. No. Name of the PartyNOTES AND REFERENCES70 Role of Regional PartiesFEATURES OF REGIONAL PARTIESCLASSIFICATION OF REGIONAL PARTIESRISE OF REGIONAL PARTIESROLE OF REGIONAL PARTIESDYSFUNCTIONS OF REGIONAL PARTIESNOTES AND REFERENCES71 ElectionsELECTORAL SYSTEMELECTION MACHINERYElection Commission of India (ECI)Chief Electoral Officer (CEO)District Election Officer (DEO)Returning Officer (RO)Electoral Registration Officer (ERO)Presiding OfficerObserversELECTION PROCESS7Time of ElectionsSchedule of ElectionsOath or AffirmationElection CampaignPolling DaysBallot Papers and SymbolsVoting ProcedureElectronic Voting MachineSupervising ElectionsCounting of VotesMedia CoverageElection PetitionsNOTES AND REFERENCES72 Election LawsREPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1951DELIMITATION ACT, 2002OTHER ACTS RELATING TO ELECTIONSRULES RELATING TO ELECTIONSORDERS RELATING TO ELECTIONSNOTES AND REFERENCES73 Electoral ReformsCOMMITTEES RELATED TO ELECTORAL REFORMSELECTORAL REFORMS BEFORE 1996Lowering of Voting AgeDeputation to Election CommissionIncrease in Number of ProposersElectronic Voting MachinesBooth CapturingElector’s Photo Identity Card (EPIC)ELECTORAL REFORMS OF 1996Listing of Names of CandidatesDisqualification for Insulting the National Honour ActProhibition on the Sale of LiquorNumber of ProposersDeath of a CandidateTime Limit for By-ElectionsHoliday to Employees on the Polling DayContestants Restricted to Two ConstituenciesProhibition of ArmsEffective Campaigning Period ReducedELECTORAL REFORMS AFTER 1996Presidential and Vice Presidential ElectionsRequisitioning of Staff for Election DutyVoting through Postal BallotFacility to Opt to Vote Through ProxyDeclaration of Criminal Antecedents, Assets, etc., by CandidatesChanges in Rajya Sabha Elections:Exemption of Travelling ExpenditureFree Supply of Electoral Rolls, etc.Parties Entitled to Accept ContributionAllocation of Time on Electronic MediaIntroduction of Braille Signage Features in EVMsELECTORAL REFORMS SINCE 2010Restrictions Imposed on Exit PollsTime-Limit for Submitting a Case for DisqualificationAll Officials Included in Corrupt PracticeIncrease in Security DepositAppellate Authority within the DistrictVoting Rights to Citizens of India Living AbroadOnline Enrolment in the Electoral RollIntroduction of NOTA OptionIntroduction of VVPATPersons in Jail or Police Custody Can Contest ElectionsImmediate Disqualification of Convicted MPs and MLAsCeiling on Election ExpenditurePhotos of Candidates on EVMs and Ballot PapersCeiling on Cash Donations Lowered:Cap on Corporate Contributions Lifted:Introduction of Electoral Bonds:Foreign Funding Allowed:NOTES AND REFERENCES1. Information Dissemination2. Enforcement of MCC and other Laws3. Compliance to Election Laws4. Voter Education and Participation5. Responsibility of Government Media75 Coalition GovernmentMEANING OF COALITION GOVERNMENTFEATURES OF COALITION GOVERNMENTFORMATION OF COALITION GOVERNMENTSMERITS OF COALITION GOVERNMENTDEMERITS OF COALITION GOVERNMENTNOTES AND REFERENCES76 Anti-Defection LawPROVISIONS OF THE ACT1. Disqualification2. Exceptions3. Deciding Authority4. Rule-Making PowerEVALUATION OF THE ACTAdvantagesCriticism91ST AMENDMENT ACT (2003)ProvisionsNOTES AND REFERENCES77 Pressure GroupsMEANING AND TECHNIQUESPRESSURE GROUPS IN INDIA1. Business Groups2. Trade Unions3. Agrarian Groups4. Professional Associations5. Student Organisations6. Religious Organisations7. Caste Groups8. Tribal Organisations9. Linguistic Groups10. Ideology Based Groups11. Anomic GroupsNOTES AND REFERENCES78 National IntegrationMEANING OF NATIONAL INTEGRATIONOBSTACLES TO NATIONAL INTEGRATION1. Regionalism2. Communalism3. Casteism4. LinguismNATIONAL INTEGRATION COUNCILMeeting Number Held onNATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR COMMUNAL HARMONYNOTES AND REFERENCES79 Foreign PolicyPRINCIPLES OF INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY2. Anti-Colonialism3. Anti-Racialism4. Non-Alignment5. Panchsheel6. Afro-Asian Bias7. Links with Commonwealth8. Support to the UNO9. DisarmamentOBJECTIVES OF INDIAN FOREIGN POLICYGUJRAL DOCTRINE OF INDIANUCLEAR DOCTRINE OF INDIACONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIAACT EAST POLICY OF INDIANOTES AND REFERENCESPART-XI80. National Commission to Review the Working of the ConstitutionII. FIFTY YEARS OF WORKING OF THE CONSTITUTION1. Political Accomplishments2. Economic Infrastructure-Impressive Performance3. Social Infrastructure- Achievements4. Political Failures5. Economic Failures6. Social Failures7. Administrative Failures8. Gender Justice and Equality- Failures9. Judicial System-FailuresIII. AREAS OF CONCERN: COMMISSION’S PERCEPTIONIV. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION1. On Fundamental Rights2. On Right to Property3. On Directive Principles4. On Fundamental Duties5. On Parliament and State Legislatures6. On Executive and Administration7. On Centre-State and Inter-State Relations8. On Judiciary9. On Pace of Socio-Economic Change and Development10. On Decentralisation (Panchayats and Municipalities)11. On Institutions in North East India12. On Electoral Processes13. On Political Parties14. On Anti-Defection LawV. EARLIER EFFORTS TO REVIEW THE CONSTITUTIONNOTES AND REFERENCESAPPENDICESI: Articles of the Constitution (1-395)FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTSDIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICYFUNDAMENTAI DUTIESPRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENTUNION MINISTERS AND ATTORNEY GENERALPARLIAMENTSUPREME COURTCOMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIAGOVERNORSTATE LEGISIATUREHIGH COURTSSUBORDINATE COURTSSTATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDUIE (REPEAIED)UNION TERRITORIESPANCHAYATSMUNICIPALITIESCO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIESSCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREASCENTRE-STATE LEGISLATIVE RELATIONSCENTRE-STATE ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONSCENTRE-STATE FINANCIAL RELATIONSRIGHT TO PROPERTYTRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSERIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF THE GOVERNMENTPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONSTRIBUNALSELECTIONSSPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSESOFFICIAL LANGUAGEEMERGENCY PROVISIONSMISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONSAMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONTEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONSSHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, ETC.Appendix II Subjects of Union, State and Concurrent ListsUNION LIST (LIST-I)STATE LIST (LIST-II)CQNCURRENT LIST (LIST-M)Appendix III Table of PrecedenceAppendix IV Constitutional Amendments at a GlanceAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAmendment Number and YearAmendment Number and YearAmended Provisions of the ConstitutionAppendix V Presidents, Vice- Presidents, Prime Ministers, etc.A. PRESIDENTS OF INDIAG. CHIEF ELECTION COMMISSIONERS OF INDIA Name TenureH. CHAIRMEN OF THE UPSC Name TenureI. COMPTROLLER AND AUDITORGENERALS OF INDIAAppendix VI Chairpersons of the National CommissionsA. NATIONAI HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION2011 TEST PAPER2012 TEST PAPER2013 TEST PAPER2014 TEST PAPER2015 TEST PAPER2016 TEST PAPER2017 TEST PAPER2018 TEST PAPER2019 TEST PAPERAnswers2011 TEST PAPER2012 TEST PAPER2013 TEST PAPER2014 TEST PAPER2015 TEST PAPER2016 TEST PAPER2017 TEST PAPER2018 TEST PAPER2019 TEST PAPERAppendix IX UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies— Mains 2010- 2019)2010 TEST PAPER2011 TEST PAPER2012 TEST PAPER2013 TEST PAPER2014 TEST PAPER2015 TEST PAPER2016 TEST PAPER2017 TEST PAPER2018 TEST PAPER2019 TEST PAPERAppendix X Practice Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies—Mains)I. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONSII. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIII. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
