Amendment Number and Year

Amended Provisions of the Constitution

First Amendment Act, 1951

1. Empowered the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and economically backward classes.

2. Provided for the saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.

3. Added Ninth Schedule to protect the land reform and other laws included in it from the judicial review.

4. Added three more grounds of restrictions on freedom of speech and expression, viz., public order, friendly relations with foreign states and incitement to an offence. Also, made the restrictions "reasonable” and thus, justiciable in nature.

5. Provided that state trading and nationalisation of any trade or business by the state is not to be invalid on the ground of violation of the right to trade or business.

Second

Readjusted the scale of representation in

Amendment

the Lok Sabha by providing that one

Act, 1952

member could represent even more than

7,50,000 persons.