PART-II

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PART-II ‌

SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

12. Parliamentary System 1. Nominal and Real Executives 2. Majority Party Rule 3. Collective Responsibility 4. Political Homogeneity 5. Double Membership 6. Leadership of the Prime Minister 7. Dissolution of the Lower House 8. Secrecy FEATURES OF PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT MERITS OF THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM 1. Harmony Between Legislature and Executive 2. Responsible Government 3. Prevents Despotism 4. Ready Alternative Government 5. Wide Representation DEMERITS OF THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM 1. Unstable Government 2. No Continuity of Policies 3. Dictatorship of the Cabinet 4. Against Separation of Powers 5. Government by Amateurs REASONS FOR ADOPTING PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM 1. Familiarity with the System 2. Preference to More Responsibility 3. Need to Avoid Legislative-Executive Conflicts 4. Nature of Indian Society DISTINCTION BETWEEN INDIAN AND BRITISH MODELS NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. Dual Polity 2. Written Constitution 3. Division of Powers 4. Supremacy of the Constitution 5. Rigid Constitution 6. Independent Judiciary 7. Bicameralism 1. Strong Centre 2. States Not Indestructible 3. Single Constitution 4. Flexibility of the Constitution 5. No Equality of State Representation 6. Emergency Provisions 7. Single Citizenship 8. Integrated Judiciary 9. All-India Services 10. Integrated Audit Machinery 11. Parliament’s Authority Over State List 12. Appointment of Governor 13. Integrated Election Machinery 14. Veto Over State Bills 1. Territorial Extent of Central and State Legislation 2. Distribution of Legislative Subjects 3. Parliamentary Legislation in the State Field 4. Centre’s Control Over State Legislation Distribution of Executive Powers Obligation of States and the Centre Centre’s Directions to the States Mutual Delegation of Functions Cooperation Between the Centre and States All-India Services Public Service Commissions Integrated Judicial System Relations During Emergencies Other Provisions Extra-Constitutional Devices Allocation of Taxing Powers Distribution of Tax Revenues Distribution of Non-tax Revenues Grants-in-Aid to the States Goods and Services Tax Council Finance Commission Protection of the States’ Interest Borrowing by the Centre and the States Inter-Governmental Tax Immunities Effects of Emergencies Tension Areas in Centre-State Relations Administrative Reforms Commission Rajamannar Committee Anandpur Sahib Resolution West Bengal Memorandum Sarkaria Commission Punchhi Commission 15 Inter-State Relations Establishment of Inter-State Council

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