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1. Actually, Directive Principles are mentioned in Articles 38 to 51. Article 36 deals with the definition of State while Article 37 deals with the nature and significance of Directive Principles.
2. Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution–Cornerstone of a Nation, Oxford, 1966, P. 75.
3. A 'Police State’ is mainly concerned with the maintenance of law and order and defence of the country against external aggression. Such a restrictive concept of state is based on the nineteenth century theory of individualism or laissez-faire.
4. This second provision was added by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1978.
5. The last point (f) was modified by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.
6. This Directive was added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.
7. 'Living wage’ is different from 'minimum wage’, which includes the bare needs of life like food, shelter and clothing. In addition to these bare needs, a 'living wage’ includes education, health , insurance, etc. A 'fair wage’ is a mean between 'living wage’ and 'minimum wage’.
8. This Directive was added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. 8a. This Directive was added by the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011.
9. This Directive was changed by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002. Originally, it made a provision for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of 14 years.
10. This Directive was added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.
11. Constituent Assembly Debates, volume VII, P. 476.
12. M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, Wadhwa, Third Edition (1978), P. 595.
13. Constituent Assembly Debates, volume VII, P. 470.
14. N. Srinivasan, Democratic Government in India, P. 182.
15. Sir Ivor Jennings, Some Characteristics of the Indian Constitution, 1953, P. 31-33.
16. Journal of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies,
June 1975.
17. M.C. Chagla, An Ambassador Speaks, P. 35.
18. Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution–Cornerstone of a Nation, Oxford, 1966, P. 50-52.
19. P.B. Gajendragadker, The Constitution of India (Its Philosophy and Postulates), P. 11.
20. State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan, (1951).
21. Golak Nath v. State of Punjab, (1967).
22. Article 39 (b) says: The State shall direct its policy towards securing that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.
23. Article 39 (c) says: The state shall direct its policy towards securing that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment.
24. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973).
25. Minerva Mills v. Union of India, (1980).