Eleventh Schedule

Twelfth Schedule

Amendment Act of 1985, also known as Anti-defection Law.

Specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. It has 29 matters. This schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992.

Specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities. It has 18 matters. This schedule was added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992.

243-G

243-W

Table 3.4 Sources of the Constitution at a Glance

Sources	Features Borrowed
1. Government of India Federal Scheme, Office of Act of 1935 governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency provisions and administrative details.
2. British Constitution Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, legislative procedure, single citizenship, cabinet system, prerogative writs, parliamentary privileges and bicameralism.
3. US Constitution	Fundamental rights, independence of judiciary, judicial review, impeachment of the president, removal of Supreme Court and high court judges and post of vice- president.
4. Irish Constitution	Directive Principles of State Policy, nomination of members to Rajya Sabha and method of election of president.

5. Canadian Constitution	Federation with a strong Centre, vesting of residuary powers in the Centre, appointment of state governors by the Centre, and advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
6. Australian Constitution	Concurrent List, freedom of trade, commerce and inter-course, and joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.
7. Weimar Constitution of Germany	Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency.
8. Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia)	Fundamental duties and the ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble.
9. French Constitution	Republic and the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble.
10. South African Constitution	Procedure for amendment of the Constitution and election of members of Rajya Sabha.
11. Japanese Constitution	Procedure established by Law.