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5

The Understanding of Contradictions in Indian and Colonial Interests Political, Administrative and Economic Unification of the Country Western Thought and Education Role of Press and Literature Rediscovery of India’s Past Progressive Character of Socio-religious Reform Movements Rise of Middle Class Intelligentsia Impact of Contemporary Movements in the World Reactionary Policies and Racial Arrogance of Rulers Political Associations in Bengal Political Associations in Bombay Political Associations in Madras Pre-Congress Campaigns Summary Was It a Safety Valve?Aims and Objectives of the Congress Era of Moderates (1885-1905)Important Leaders Moderate Approach Contributions of Moderate Nationalists Constitutional Reforms and Propaganda in Legislature Campaign for General Administrative Reforms Protection of Civil Rights An Evaluation of the Early Nationalists Role of Masses Attitude of the Government Movement (1905-1918)Why Militant Nationalism Grew Growth of Confidence and Self-Respect Growth of Education International Influences Reaction to Increasing Westernisation Dissatisfaction with Achievements of Moderates Views Reactionary Policies of Curzon Existence of a Militant School of Thought Emergence of a Trained Leadership Partition of Bengal to Divide People Anti-Partition Campaign Under Moderates (1903-05)The Congress’s Position The Movement under Extremist Leadership The Extremist Programme New Forms of Struggle and Impact Extent of Mass Participation All India Aspect Annulment of Partition Evaluation of the Swadeshi Movement The Movement Fizzles Out Movement a Turning Point The Surat Split Run-up to Surat Split Takes Place Government Repression The Government Strategy Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 The Reforms Evaluation The Revolutionary Programme A Survey of Revolutionary Activities Bengal Maharashtra Punjab Revolutionary Activities Abroad Decline Summary Home Rule League Movement Factors Leading to the Movement The Leagues The Home Rule League Programme Government Attitude Why the Agitation Faded Out by 1919 Positive Gains Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress (1916)Readmission of Extremists to Congress Lucknow Pact between Congress and Muslim League Montagu’s Statement of August 1917 Indian Objections Nationalism Begins (1919-1939)Post-War Economic Hardships Expectations of Political Gains for Cooperation in the War Nationalist Disillusionment with Imperialism Worldwide Impact of Russian Revolution (November 7, 1917)Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Government of India Act, 1919 Main Features Drawbacks Congress’s Reaction Making of Gandhi Early Career and Experiments with Truth in South Africa Gandhi’s Experience in South Africa Gandhi’s Technique of Satyagraha Gandhi in India Champaran Satyagraha (1917)—First Civil Disobedience Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)— First Hunger Strike Kheda Satyagraha (1918)—First Non-Cooperation Gains from Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda Rowlatt Act, Satyagraha, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre The Rowlatt Act Satyagraha Against the Rowlatt Act— First Mass Strike The Hunter Committee of Inquiry Congress View Summary Background The Khilafat Issue Development of the Khalifat-Non- Cooperation Programme Congress Stand on Khilafat Question Muslim League Support to Congress The Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement Spread of the Movement People’s Response Government Response The Last Phase of the Movement Why Gandhi Withdrew the Movement Evaluation of Khilafat Summary Genesis of Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party Swarajists’ Arguments No-Changers’ Arguments Agree to Disagree Gandhi’s Attitude Swarajist Activity in Councils Constructive Work by No-Changers Emergence of New Forces: Socialistic Ideas, Youth Power, Trade Unionism Spread of Marxist and Socialist Ideas Activism of Indian Youth Peasants’ Agitations Growth of Trade Unionism Caste Movements Revolutionary Activity with a Turn towards Socialism Revolutionary Activity During the 1920s Why Attraction for Revolutionary Activity after Non-Cooperation Movement Major Influences In Punjab-United Provinces-Bihar In Bengal Official Reaction Ideological Rethinking Indian Response Police Repression Impact of Appointment of Simon Commission on the National Movement Nehru Report Main Recommendations The Muslim and Hindu Communal Responses Amendments Proposed by Jinnah Nehru Report Found Unsatisfactory Calcutta Session of Congress Political Activity during 1929 Irwin’s Declaration (October 31, 1929)Delhi Manifesto January 26, 1930: the Independence Pledge Civil Disobedience Movement— the Salt Satyagraha and Other Upsurges Gandhi’s Eleven Demands Why Salt was Chosen as the Important Theme Dandi March (March 12-April 6, 1930)Spread of Salt Law Disobedience Impact of Agitation Extent of Mass Participation Gandhi-Irwin Pact Evaluation of Civil Disobedience Movement Karachi Congress Session—1931 Congress Resolutions at Karachi The Round Table Conferences First Round Table Conference Second Round Table Conference Third Round Table Conference Civil Disobedience Resumed During Truce Period (March-December 1931)Changed Government Attitude After Second RTC Government Action Popular Response Communal Award and Poona Pact Main Provisions of the Communal Award Congress Stand Gandhi’s Response Poona Pact Impact of Poona Pact on Dalits Gandhi’s Harijan Campaign and thoughts on Caste Ideological Differences and Similarities between Gandhi and Ambedkar Summary The First Stage Debate Nehru’s Vision Nehru’s Opposition to Struggle- Truce-Struggle Strategy Finally, Yes to Council Entry Government of India Act, 1935 Main Features Evaluation of the Act Nationalists’ Response The Second Stage Debate Divided Opinion Gandhi’s Position Congress Manifesto for Elections Congress’ Performance Gandhi’s Advice Work under Congress Ministries Civil Liberties Agrarian Reforms Attitude Towards Labour Social Welfare Reforms Evaluation Summary Freedom and Partition (1939-1947)Haripura and Tripuri Sessions: Subhash Bose’s Views Haripura 1939: Subhash Wins but Congress Faces Internal Strife Tripuri Means and Ends Form of Government Militarism Ideas on Economy Religion Caste and Untouchability Women Education Second World War and Nationalistic Response Congress Offer to Viceroy CWC Meeting at Wardha Government Attitude and Congress Ministries’ Resignation Government’s Hidden Agenda August Offer Responses Evaluation Individual Satyagraha Gandhi Designates Nehru as his Successor Cripps Mission Why Cripps Mission was Sent Main Proposals Why Cripps Mission Failed Why Start a Struggle Now The ‘Quit India’ Resolution Gandhi’s General Instructions to Different Sections Spread of the Movement Extent of Mass Participation Government Repression Estimate Gandhi Fasts Famine of 1943 Rajagopalachari Formula The Formula Objections Desai-Liaqat Pact Wavell Plan Why the Government was Keen on a Solution Now The Plan Muslim League’s Stand Congress Stand Wavell’s Mistake The Indian National Army and Subhash Bose Origin and First Phase of the Indian National Army Change in Government’s Attitude Congress Election Campaign and INA Trials Congress Support for INA Prisoners The INA Agitation—A Landmark on Many Counts Three Upsurges—Winter of 1945-46 Three-Stage Pattern Evaluation of Potential and Impact of the Three Upsurges Congress Strategy Election Results Performance of the Congress Muslim League’s Performance Significant Features of Elections The Cabinet Mission Why British Withdrawal Seemed Imminent Now On the Eve of Cabinet Mission Plan Cabinet Mission Arrives Cabinet Mission Plan—Main Points Different Interpretations of the Grouping Clause Main Objections Acceptance and Rejection Communal Holocaust and the Interim Government Changed Government Priorities Interim Government Birth and Spread of Communalism in India Characteristic Features of Indian Communalism Evolution of the Two-Nation Theory Main Points of Attlee’s Statement Why a Date Fixed by Government for Withdrawal Congress Stand Independence and Partition Mountbatten as the Viceroy Mountbatten Plan, June 3, 1947 Indian Independence Act Problems of Early Withdrawal Integration of States Inevitability of Partition Why Congress Accepted Partition Gandhi’s Helplessness British Rule: Governance and Other Aspects The Regulating Act of 1773 Pitt’s India Act of 1784 The Act of 1786 The Charter Act of 1793 The Charter Act of 1813 The Charter Act of 1833 The Charter Act of 1853 The Act for Better Government of India, 1858 Developments after 1858 till Independence Indian Councils Act, 1861 Indian Councils Act, 1892 Indian Councils Act, 1909 Government of India Act, 1919 Simon Commission Government of India Act, 1935 Evolution of Civil Services in India Cornwallis’ Role Wellesley’s Role Charter Act of 1853 Indian Civil Service Act, 1861 Statutory Civil Service Congress Demand and Aitchison Committee Montford Reforms (1919)Lee Commission (1924)Evaluation of Civil Services under British Rule Evolution of Police System in Modern India Military Under the British Development of Judiciary in British India Reforms under Warren Hastings (1772-1785)Reforms under Cornwallis (1786-1793)— Separation of Powers Reforms under William Bentinck (1828-1833)Later Developments Evaluation Major Changes in Administrative Structure after 1857 Genesis of Administrative Changes: New Stage of Colonialism Administration: Central, Provincial, Local Central Government Provincial Government Local Bodies Divide and Rule Hostility Towards Educated Indians Attitude Towards the Zamindars Attitude Towards Social Reforms Underdeveloped Social Services Labour Legislations Restrictions on Freedom of the Press White Racism British Social and Cultural Policy in India Characteristics of New Thought Schools of Thought Indian Renaissance Dilemma Before the Government Role of Christian Missionaries British Retreat British Policy Towards Princely States British Foreign Policy in India Summary Deindustrialisation—Ruin of Artisans and Handicraftsmen One-Way Free Trade Ruralisation Impoverishment of Peasantry Emergence of Intermediaries, Absentee Landlordism, Ruin of Old Zamindars Stagnation and Deterioration of Agriculture Famine and Poverty Commercialisation of Indian Agriculture Destruction of Industry and Late Development of Modern Industry Nationalist Critique of Colonial Economy Growth of Trade and Railways to Help Britain One-Way Free Trade and Tariff Policy Effect of Economic Drain Economic Issue a Stimulant to National Unrest Stages of Colonialism in India First Stage Second Stage Third Stage Early Regulations Censorship of Press Act, 1799 Licensing Regulations, 1823 Press Act of 1835 or Metcalfe Act Licensing Act, 1857 Registration Act, 1867 Struggle by Early Nationalists to Secure Press Freedom Vernacular Press Act, 1878 During and After the First World War During the Second World War A Humble beginning by Charter Act of 1813 Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy Lord Macaulay’s Minute (1835)Efforts of Thomson Wood’s Despatch (1854)After the Crown Took Over Indian Universities Act, 1904 Government Resolution on Education Policy—1913 Education Under Dyarchy Hartog Committee (1929)Sergeant Plan of Education Development of Vernacular Education Development of Technical Education Evaluation of British Policy on Education A Survey of Early Peasant Movements Indigo Revolt (1859-60)Pabna Agrarian Leagues Deccan Riots Changed Nature of Peasant Movements after 1857 Weaknesses Later Movements The Kisan Sabha Movement Eka Movement Mappila Revolt Bardoli Satyagraha The All India Kisan Congress/Sabha Under Congress Ministries Peasant Activity in Provinces Kerala Andhra Bihar Punjab Post-War Phase Balance-Sheet of Peasant Movements Early Efforts During Swadeshi Upsurge During the First World War and After The AITUC The Trade Union Act, 1926 Late 1920s Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929)Under Congress Ministries During and After the Second World War After Independence and After First Government After Independence Challenges Challenges before the Boundary Commission Regions Most Affected by Riots Challenges Associated with Division of Resources Division of Civil Government Division of Finances Division of Defence Personnel and Equipment Assassination of Gandhi Rehabilitation and Resettlement of Refugees East Punjab Bengal Delhi Pact on Minorities Centres of Refugee Settlements in India Communists and Independence Why Communists were Sceptical about Independence?Shift from Antagonistic Strategy to Constitutional Democracy I. The Company’s Struggle for Equality from a Position of Subordination (1740-1765)II. Policy of Ring Fence (1765-1813)III. Policy of Subordinate Isolation (1813-1857)IV. Policy of Subordinate Union (1857-1935)Curzon’s Approach Post-1905 V. Policy of Equal Federation (1935-1947): A Non-Starter VI. Integration and Merger Plebiscite and Army Action Gradual Integration Background Constituent Assembly Formation Two Constituent Assemblies: India and Pakistan Evaluation of the Assembly for India After Independence Work : Committees and Consensus 1880 to First World War: Anti- Imperialism and Pan-Asian Feeling World War I 1920s and 1930s—Identifying with Socialists After 1936—Anti-Fascism After Independence Panchsheel and Non-Alignment Groundwork for the Elections The Election Commission Legislation for Polls Independent India Goes to the Polls for the First Time Challenges Conduct of Elections Results Political Developments Debate Over National Language Linguistic Reorganisation of the States Growth of other Political Parties An Undemocratic Deed Concept of Planning for Economic Development Progress of Science and Technology Social Developments Developments in Education Social Change Under Nehru Foreign Policy Relations with Neighbours India and Pakistan India and China India and Nepal India and Bhutan India and Sri Lanka The Lal Bahadur Shastri Years (June 1964 – January 1966)Political Journey after Independence Economic Ideas Foreign Relations The Indo-Pak War Shastri’s Death Indira Gandhi: the First Phase (January 1966 to March 1977)Political Journey after Independence Developments in the Political System Socio-Economic Policies Tackling Economic Problems The Indo-Pak War of 1971 and the Birth of Bangladesh Foreign Policy and Relations with other Countries The Smiling Buddha The Janata Party Years (March 1977 – January 1980)Fresh State Assembly Elections New President of India Downslide of the Janata and Rise of Congress (I)Charan Singh the Prime Minister who never Faced Parliament Fresh Lok Sabha Elections and End of Janata Party Rule Legacy of the Janata Rule Social Changes and Movements Indira Gandhi: the Second Phase (January 1980 to October 1984)Foreign Relations Unrest in States Legacy The Rajiv Years (October 1984 to December 1989)Anti-Sikh Riots The Bhopal Gas Tragedy Tackling the Tensions in States Positive Steps taken on the Domestic Front The Negative Side Agrarian Unrest Foreign Relations General Elections of 1989 The V.P. Singh Years (December 1989 to November 1990)Implementation of the Mandal Commission Report Mandal to Mandir: the Rath Yatra and Fall of the Government The Chandra Shekhar Government (November 1990 to June 1991)Elections of 1991 The Narasimha Rao Years (June 1991 to May 1996)Panchayati Raj and Nagarpalika Acts Foreign Policy Negative Aspects Kashmir General Elections of 1996 Rise of the Dalit Voice Between 1996 and 1999: Three Prime Ministers Vajpayee’s Short-Lived Term as Prime Minister United Front Government: Deve Gowda and I.K. Gujral General Elections NDA Years (March 1998 to October 1999)The Lahore Summit Kargil War NDA: Second Stint (October 1999 to May 2004)Terrorist Trouble and Relations with Pakistan Relations with US Kashmir Elections The Downside Significance of NDA 2004 General Election The UPA Years (May 2004 to May 2009; May 2009 Social Welfare Measures Foreign Relations New President Terror Attacks Situation in States Trouble in Kashmir 2009 Election and UPA Back in Power The 2014 General Election The NDA Government (May 2014 – May 2019)Socio-Economic Policies and Programmes of Importance Security Foreign Relations Social Situation General Election and Return of the NDA Factors behind the NDA Victory 1. Personalities Associated with Specific Movements Swadeshi Movement Non-cooperation Movement Civil Disobedience Movement Quit India Movement 2. Governors-General and Viceroys of India: Significant Events in their Rule

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