Caste Movements

As in earlier periods, the varied contradictions of the Indian society found expression in caste associations and movements. These movements could be divisive, conservative and at times potentially radical, and included:

● Justice Party (Madras)

● Self-respect movement (1925) under “Periyar”—E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (Madras)

● Satyashodhak activists in Satara (Maharashtra)

● Bhaskar Rao Jadhav (Maharashtra)

● Mahars under Ambedkar (Maharashtra)

● Radical Ezhavas under K. Aiyappan and C. Kesavan in Kerala

● Yadavs in Bihar for improvement in social status

● Unionist Party under Fazl-i-Hussain (Punjab).