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Modern History of India

Approaches Central Government Archives Archives of the State Governments Archives of Three Presidencies Archives of Other European Powers Judicial Records Published Archives Private Archives Foreign Repositories Biographies, Memoirs and Travel Accounts Newspapers and Journals Oral Evidence Creative Literature Painting Summary Colonial Approach/ Historiography Nationalist Historiography/ Approach Marxist Historiography/ Approach Subaltern Approach/ Historiography Communalist Approach Cambridge School Liberal and Neo-Liberal Interpretations Feminist Historiography Summary Europeans and Consolidation of British Power in India The Quest for and Discovery of a Sea Route to India From Trading to Ruling Vasco Da Gama Francisco De Almeida Alfonso de Albuquerque Nino da Cunha Favourable Conditions for Portuguese Portuguese State Portuguese Administration in India Religious Policy of the Portuguese Portuguese Lose Favour with the Mughals Capture of Hooghly Decline of the Portuguese Significance of the Portuguese The Dutch Dutch Settlements Anglo-Dutch Rivalry Decline of the Dutch in India The English Charter of Queen Elizabeth I Progress of the English Company The French Pondicherry—Nerve Centre of French Power in India Reorganisation of the French Company Background of Rivalry First Carnatic War (1740-48)Second Carnatic War (1749-54)Third Carnatic War (1758-63)Causes for the English Success and the French Failure The Danes Why the English Succeeded against Other European Powers Structure and Nature of the Trading Companies Naval Superiority Industrial Revolution Military Skill and Discipline Stable Government Lesser Zeal for Religion Use of Debt Market Challenges before the Mughals External Challenges Weak Rulers after Aurangzeb—An Internal Challenge Causes of Decline of Mughal Empire Shifting Allegiance of Zamindars Jagirdari Crisis Rise of Regional Aspirations Economic and Administrative Problems Rise of Regional States Survey of Regional Kingdoms Socio-Economic Conditions Agriculture Trade and Industry Status of Education Societal Set-up Developments in Art, Architecture and Culture Was the British Conquest Accidental or Intentional?When did the British Period Begin in India?Causes of British Success in India Superior Arms, Military and Strategy Better Military Discipline and Regular Salary Brilliant Leadership and Support of Second Line Leaders Strong Financial Backup Nationalist Pride British Conquest of Bengal Alivardi Khan and the English Challenges Before Siraj-ud-daula The Battle of Plassey Mir Kasim and the Treaty of 1760 The Battle of Buxar The Treaty of Allahabad Dual Government in Bengal (1765-72)Mysore’s Resistance to the Company The Wodeyar / Mysore Dynasty Rise of Haidar Ali First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)Third Anglo-Mysore War Fourth Anglo-Mysore War Mysore After Tipu Anglo-Maratha Struggle for Supremacy Rise of the Marathas First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82)Second Anglo Maratha War (1803-1805)Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-19)Why the Marathas Lost Conquest of Sindh Rise of Talpuras Amirs Gradual Ascendancy over Sindh Conquest of Punjab Sukarchakiya Misl and Ranjit Singh Treaty of Amritsar Punjab After Ranjit Singh First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46)Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49)Significance of the Anglo-Sikh Wars Extension of British Paramountcy Through Administrative Policy The Policy of Ring-Fence Subsidiary Alliance Doctrine of Lapse Relations of British India with Neighbouring Countries Anglo-Bhutanese Relations Anglo-Nepalese Relations Anglo-Burmese Relations Anglo-Tibetan Relations Anglo-Afghan Relations John Lawrence and the Policy of Masterly Inactivity British India and the North-West Frontier Summary Resentment against Company Rule Genesis of People’s Resistance Civil Uprisings Major Causes of Civil Uprisings Important Civil Uprisings Peasant Movements with Religious Overtones Narkelberia Uprising The Pagal Panthis Faraizi Revolt Moplah Uprisings Peasants’ Role in the 1857 Revolt Tribal Revolts Different Causes for Mainland and North-Eastern Tribal Revolts Characteristics of Tribal Revolts Tribal Movements of the North-East Sepoy Mutinies Causes Important Mutinies Weaknesses of People’s Uprisings Summary Simmering Discontent The 1857 Revolt: the Major Causes Economic Causes Political Causes Administrative Causes Socio-Religious Causes Influence of Outside Events Discontent Among Sepoys Beginning and Spread of the Revolt The Spark Starts at Meerut Choice of Bahadur Shah as Symbolic Head Civilians Join Suppression of the Revolt Why the Revolt Failed All-India participation was absent All classes did not join Poor Arms and Equipment Uncoordinated and Poorly Organised No Unified Ideology Hindu-Muslim Unity Factor Nature of the Revolt Views Views Consequences View Significance of the Revolt Summary Movements Impact of British Rule Social Conditions Ripe for Reform Religious and Social Ills Depressing Position of Women The Caste Problem Opposition to Western Culture New Awareness among Enlightened Indians Middle Class Base The Intellectual Criteria Two Streams Direction of Social Reform Fight for Betterment of Position of Women Struggle Against Caste-Based Exploitation Young Bengal Movement and Henry Vivian Derozio Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Balshastri Jambhekar Paramahansa Mandali Satyashodhak Samaj and Jyotiba or Jyotirao Phule Gopalhari Deshmukh ‘Lokahitawadi’Gopal Ganesh Agarkar The Servants of India Society Social Service League The Ramakrishna Movement and Swami Vivekananda Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj Seva Sadan Dev Samaj Dharma Sabha Bharat Dharma Mahamandala Radhaswami Movement Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Movement Vokkaliga Sangha Justice Movement Self-Respect Movement Temple Entry Movement Indian Social Conference Wahabi/Walliullah Movement Titu Mir‘s Movement Faraizi Movement Ahmadiyya Movement Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement The Deoband School (Darul Uloom)Parsi Reform Movements Sikh Reform Movements The Theosophical Movement Significance of Reform Movements Positive Aspects Negative Aspects 5 The Understanding of Contradictions in Indian and Colonial Interests Political, Administrative and Economic Unification of the Country Western Thought and Education Role of Press and Literature Rediscovery of India’s Past Progressive Character of Socio-religious Reform Movements Rise of Middle Class Intelligentsia Impact of Contemporary Movements in the World Reactionary Policies and Racial Arrogance of Rulers Political Associations in Bengal Political Associations in Bombay Political Associations in Madras Pre-Congress Campaigns Era of Moderates (1885-1905)Contributions of Moderate Nationalists An Evaluation of the Early Nationalists Movement (1905-1918)Why Militant Nationalism Grew Partition of Bengal to Divide People Anti-Partition Campaign Under Moderates (1903-05)The Congress’s Position The Movement under Extremist Leadership Annulment of Partition Evaluation of the Swadeshi Movement The Surat Split The Government Strategy Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 The Revolutionary Programme A Survey of Revolutionary Activities Decline Home Rule League Movement Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress (1916)Montagu’s Statement of August 1917 Nationalism Begins (1919-1939)Post-War Economic Hardships Expectations of Political Gains for Cooperation in the War Nationalist Disillusionment with Imperialism Worldwide Impact of Russian Revolution (November 7, 1917)Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Government of India Act, 1919 Making of Gandhi Gandhi in India Rowlatt Act, Satyagraha, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre The Hunter Committee of Inquiry Congress View Background The Khilafat Issue The Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement Why Gandhi Withdrew the Movement Evaluation of Khilafat Emergence of New Forces: Socialistic Ideas, Youth Power, Trade Unionism Revolutionary Activity During the 1920s Nehru Report Civil Disobedience Movement— the Salt Satyagraha and Other Upsurges Karachi Congress Session—1931 The Round Table Conferences Civil Disobedience Resumed Communal Award and Poona Pact Gandhi’s Harijan Campaign and thoughts on Caste Ideological Differences and Similarities between Gandhi and Ambedkar The First Stage Debate Government of India Act, 1935 The Second Stage Debate Gandhi’s Advice Work under Congress Ministries Evaluation Freedom and Partition (1939-1947)Haripura and Tripuri Sessions: Subhash Bose’s Views Means and Ends Form of Government Militarism Ideas on Economy Religion Caste and Untouchability Women Education Second World War and Nationalistic Response Government Attitude and Congress Ministries’ Resignation August Offer Individual Satyagraha Gandhi Designates Nehru as his Successor Cripps Mission Famine of 1943 Rajagopalachari Formula Desai-Liaqat Pact Wavell Plan The Indian National Army and Subhash Bose Change in Government’s Attitude Congress Election Campaign and INA Trials Three Upsurges—Winter of 1945-46 Election Results The Cabinet Mission Communal Holocaust and the Interim Government Birth and Spread of Communalism in India Independence and Partition Integration of States Inevitability of Partition British Rule: Governance and Other Aspects The Regulating Act of 1773 Pitt’s India Act of 1784 The Act of 1786 The Charter Act of 1793 The Charter Act of 1813 The Charter Act of 1833 The Charter Act of 1853 The Act for Better Government of India, 1858 Developments after 1858 till Independence Evolution of Civil Services in India Evolution of Police System in Modern India Military Under the British Development of Judiciary in British India Major Changes in Administrative Structure after 1857 Administration: Central, Provincial, Local British Social and Cultural Policy in India British Policy Towards Princely States British Foreign Policy in India Deindustrialisation—Ruin of Artisans and Handicraftsmen Impoverishment of Peasantry Emergence of Intermediaries, Absentee Landlordism, Ruin of Old Zamindars Stagnation and Deterioration of Agriculture Famine and Poverty Commercialisation of Indian Agriculture Destruction of Industry and Late Development of Modern Industry Nationalist Critique of Colonial Economy Economic Issue a Stimulant to National Unrest Stages of Colonialism in India Early Regulations Struggle by Early Nationalists to Secure Press Freedom Vernacular Press Act, 1878 During and After the First World War During the Second World War After the Crown Took Over Development of Vernacular Education Development of Technical Education Evaluation of British Policy on Education A Survey of Early Peasant Movements Changed Nature of Peasant Movements after 1857 Weaknesses Later Movements Peasant Activity in Provinces Balance-Sheet of Peasant Movements Early Efforts During Swadeshi Upsurge During the First World War and After During and After the Second World War After Independence and After First Government After Independence Challenges Challenges before the Boundary Commission Regions Most Affected by Riots Challenges Associated with Division of Resources Assassination of Gandhi Rehabilitation and Resettlement of Refugees Communists and Independence I. The Company’s Struggle for Equality from a Position of Subordination (1740-1765)II. Policy of Ring Fence (1765-1813)III. Policy of Subordinate Isolation (1813-1857)IV. Policy of Subordinate Union (1857-1935)V. Policy of Equal Federation (1935-1947): A Non-Starter VI. Integration and Merger Background Constituent Assembly 1880 to First World War: Anti- Imperialism and Pan-Asian Feeling World War I 1920s and 1930s—Identifying with Socialists After 1936—Anti-Fascism After Independence Groundwork for the Elections Independent India Goes to the Polls for the First Time Political Developments Concept of Planning for Economic Development Progress of Science and Technology Social Developments Foreign Policy Relations with Neighbours The Lal Bahadur Shastri Years Indira Gandhi: the First Phase The Janata Party Years Indira Gandhi: the Second Phase The Rajiv Years The V.P. Singh Years The Chandra Shekhar Government The Narasimha Rao Years Between 1996 and 1999: Three Prime Ministers NDA Years NDA: Second Stint The UPA Years The 2014 General Election The NDA Government General Election and Return of the NDA 1. Personalities Associated with Specific Movements 2. Governors-General and Viceroys of India: Significant Events in their Rule