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Europeans and Consolidation of British Power in India

Advent of the Europeans in India

India on the Eve of British Conquest

Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India


Chapter 3


Advent of the Europeans in India

Though we talk of ancient, medieval and modern periods in history, history is a continuity. It is not always easy to distinguish clearly when one period ends and another begins. So if we think of the history of modern India as beginning with the advent of the Europeans, we need to go back to what is generally considered the medieval period, i.e., the fifteenth century itself. Indeed to a time even before the Mughals came and established their empire.


21

The Portuguese in India

 

The Quest for and Discovery of a Sea Route to IndiaFrom Trading to RulingVasco Da GamaFrancisco De AlmeidaAlfonso de AlbuquerqueNino da CunhaFavourable Conditions for PortuguesePortuguese StatePortuguese Administration in IndiaReligious Policy of the PortuguesePortuguese Lose Favour with the MughalsCapture of HooghlyDecline of the PortugueseSignificance of the PortugueseThe DutchDutch SettlementsAnglo-Dutch RivalryDecline of the Dutch in IndiaThe EnglishCharter of Queen Elizabeth IProgress of the English CompanyFoothold in West and SouthFoothold in BengalFarrukhsiyar’s FarmansMerging of Two English CompaniesThe FrenchPondicherry—Nerve Centre of French Power in IndiaReorganisation of the French CompanyBackground of RivalryFirst Carnatic War (1740-48)Second Carnatic War (1749-54)Third Carnatic War (1758-63)Causes for the English Success and the French FailureThe DanesWhy the English Succeeded against Other European PowersStructure and Nature of the Trading CompaniesNaval SuperiorityIndustrial RevolutionMilitary Skill and DisciplineStable GovernmentLesser Zeal for ReligionUse of Debt MarketSummaryChallenges before the MughalsExternal ChallengesWeak Rulers after Aurangzeb—An Internal ChallengeShahjehan III (1758-1759)Causes of Decline of Mughal EmpireShifting Allegiance of ZamindarsJagirdari CrisisRise of Regional AspirationsEconomic and Administrative ProblemsRise of Regional StatesSurvey of Regional KingdomsHyderabadAwadhBengalThe RajputsMysoreKeralaThe JatsThe SikhsThe MarathasRohilakhand and FarukhabadSocio-Economic ConditionsAgricultureTrade and IndustryStatus of EducationSocietal Set-upMany Castes, Many SectsPosition of Women in SocietyMenace of SlaveryDevelopments in Art, Architecture and CultureSummaryWas the British Conquest Accidental or Intentional?When did the British Period Begin in India?Causes of British Success in IndiaSuperior Arms, Military and StrategyBetter Military Discipline and Regular SalaryBrilliant Leadership and Support of Second Line LeadersStrong Financial BackupNationalist PrideBritish Conquest of BengalAlivardi Khan and the EnglishChallenges Before Siraj-ud-daulaThe Battle of PlasseyPrelude to the BattleThe BattleSignificance of Battle of PlasseyMir Kasim and the Treaty of 1760Steps taken by Mir KasimThe Battle of BuxarPrelude to BattleThe BattleThe Treaty of AllahabadDual Government in Bengal (1765-72)Mysore’s Resistance to the CompanyThe Wodeyar / Mysore DynastyRise of Haidar AliFirst Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)BackgroundChanging AlliancesCourse of WarSecond Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)BackgroundCourse of WarThird Anglo-Mysore WarBackgroundCourse of WarFourth Anglo-Mysore WarBackgroundCourse of WarMysore After TipuAnglo-Maratha Struggle for SupremacyRise of the MarathasFirst Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82)BackgroundCourse of WarSecond Anglo Maratha War (1803-1805)BackgroundCourse of WarThird Anglo-Maratha War (1817-19)BackgroundCourse of WarWhy the Marathas LostConquest of SindhRise of Talpuras AmirsGradual Ascendancy over SindhTreaty of ‘Eternal Friendship’Treaty of 1832Lord Auckland and SindhConquest of PunjabSukarchakiya Misl and Ranjit SinghTreaty of AmritsarPunjab After Ranjit SinghBeginning of Court FactionsRani Jindal and Daleep SinghFirst Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46)CausesCourse of WarSecond Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49)CausesCourse of WarSignificance of the Anglo-Sikh WarsExtension of British Paramountcy Through Administrative PolicyThe Policy of Ring-FenceSubsidiary AllianceEvolution and PerfectionStages of Application of Subsidiary AllianceStates which Accepted AllianceDoctrine of LapseAnnexed Lapsed StatesRelations of British India with Neighbouring CountriesAnglo-Bhutanese RelationsAnglo-Nepalese RelationsAnglo-Burmese RelationsFirst Burma War (1824-26)Second Burma War (1852)Third Burma War (1885)Anglo-Tibetan RelationsTreaty of Lhasa (1904)Anglo-Afghan RelationsForward Policy of AucklandFirst Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)John Lawrence and the Policy of Masterly InactivitySecond Anglo-Afghan War (1870-80)British India and the North-West FrontierSummary