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Summary
● Reform Movements: Among Hindus Bengal
Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj
Debendranath Tagore and Tattvabodhini Sabha Keshub Chandra Sen and Brahmo Samaj of India Prarthana Samaj
Derozio and Young Bengal Movement Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Western India
Bal Shastri Jambekar
Students’ Literary and Scientific Societies Paramhansa Mandalis
Jyotiba Phule and Satyashodhak Samaj Gopalhari Deshmukh ‘Lokahitawadi’ Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
Servants of India Society
Southern India
Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Movement Vokkaliga Sangha
Justice Movement
Self-respect Movement Temple Entry Movement
All India
Ramakrishna Movement and Vivekananda Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj Theosophical Movement
● Among Muslims Wahabi/Walliullah Movement Ahmadiyya Movement
Syed Ahmed Khan and Aligarh Movement Deoband Movement
● Among Parsis
Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha
● Among Sikhs
Singh Sabha Movement Akali Movement
● Positive Aspects
Liberation of individual from conformity out of fear psychosis. Worship made a more personal affair
Cultural roots to the middle classes—thus mitigating the sense of humiliation; much needed self-respect gained Fostered secular outlook
Encouraged social climate for modernisation
Ended India’s cultural, intellectual isolation from rest of the world
Evolution of national consciousness
● Negative Aspects
Narrow social base
Indirectly encouraged mysticism
Overemphasis on religious, philosophical aspects of culture while underemphasising secular and moral aspects
Hindus confined their praise to ancient Indian history and Muslims to medieval history—created a notion of two separate peoples and increased communal consciousness
Historical process of evolution of composite culture arrested to some extent