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Summary

Reform Movements: Among Hindus Bengal

Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj

Debendranath Tagore and Tattvabodhini Sabha Keshub Chandra Sen and Brahmo Samaj of India Prarthana Samaj

Derozio and Young Bengal Movement Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Western India

Bal Shastri Jambekar

Students’ Literary and Scientific Societies Paramhansa Mandalis

Jyotiba Phule and Satyashodhak Samaj Gopalhari Deshmukh ‘Lokahitawadi’ Gopal Ganesh Agarkar

Servants of India Society

Southern India

Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Movement Vokkaliga Sangha

Justice Movement

Self-respect Movement Temple Entry Movement

All India

Ramakrishna Movement and Vivekananda Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj Theosophical Movement

Among Muslims Wahabi/Walliullah Movement Ahmadiyya Movement

Syed Ahmed Khan and Aligarh Movement Deoband Movement

Among Parsis

Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha


Among Sikhs

Singh Sabha Movement Akali Movement

Positive Aspects

Liberation of individual from conformity out of fear psychosis. Worship made a more personal affair

Cultural roots to the middle classes—thus mitigating the sense of humiliation; much needed self-respect gained Fostered secular outlook

Encouraged social climate for modernisation

Ended India’s cultural, intellectual isolation from rest of the world

Evolution of national consciousness

Negative Aspects

Narrow social base

Indirectly encouraged mysticism

Overemphasis on religious, philosophical aspects of culture while underemphasising secular and moral aspects

Hindus confined their praise to ancient Indian history and Muslims to medieval history—created a notion of two separate peoples and increased communal consciousness

Historical process of evolution of composite culture arrested to some extent

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