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POPULATION AND ASSOCIATED ISSUES

Contents

1. Why to Study Population? 109

2. What is Demography? 109

3. How to Determine Population Trends? 109

4. How to Make Sense of Such Population Data? 110

4.1. Distribution and Density of Population 110

4.1.1. World Distribution of Population 110

4.1.2. Distribution of Population in India 111

4.2. Factors Influencing the Distribution of Population 112

4.2.1. Geographical Factors 112

4.2.2. Economic Factors 113

4.2.3. Social and Cultural Factors 113

4.3. Determinants of Population Change 113

4.3.1. Fertility 114

4.3.2. Mortality 116

4.3.3. Migration 117

4.4. Trends in Population Growth 118

4.4.1. Projected growth in the world population 118

4.4.2. Trend in Growth of Indian Population 120

5. Theory of Demographic Transition 121

5.1. Demographic Dividend 122

5.2. Optimum Population 123

6. Population composition 124

6.1. Age Composition 124

6.1.1. Dependency Ratio 124

6.2. Sex composition 125

6.3. Transgender composition 125

6.4. Divyang composition 125

6.5. Literacy composition 125

6.6. Working Population Composition 126

6.7. Adolescents 128

6.8. Issues related to Youth 128

6.9. National Youth Policy 129

7. The population pyramid (The age-sex pyramid) 131

7.1. Expanding Population 131

7.2. Constant Population 131

7.3. Declining Population 131

7.4. Regional variations in age-structure pyramid 132

8. Population Issues 133

8.1. Population Problems of Underdeveloped Countries 133

8.1.1. Problems of Over-population 133

8.1.2. Problems of Under-Population 133

8.2. Population Problems of Advanced Countries 134

8.3. Declining sex ratio in India 135

9. Population Policies in India 136

9.1. National Population Policy 2000 137

10. Appraisal of National Population Policy 2000 139

11. NPP-2000: The Way Forward 139

11.1. Measures taken to control the population growth of India 140

12. Appendix (Population Maps and tables) 142

13. GS Mains Test Series Questions 156

14. Previous Year UPSC GS Mains Questions 163

An educated, enlightened and informed population is one of the surest ways of promoting the health of a democracy – Nelson Mandela 2. What is Demography?3. How to Determine Population Trends?What is/are the primary source of such data?4. How to Make Sense of Such Population Data?4.1. Distribution and Density of Population 4.1.1. World Distribution of Population 4.1.2. Distribution of Population in India 4.2. Factors Influencing the Distribution of Population 4.2.1. Geographical Factors 4.2.2. Economic Factors 4.2.3. Social and Cultural Factors 4.3. Determinants of Population Change 4.3.1. Fertility 4.3.2. Mortality 4.3.3. Migration 4.4.2. Trend in Growth of Indian Population 5. Theory of Demographic Transition Stage 1: Pre-transition Stage 2: Early transition Stage 3: Late transition Stage 4: Post-transition 5.2. Optimum Population 6. Population composition 6.1. Age Composition 6.1.1. Dependency Ratio 6.2. Sex composition Natural Advantage v/s Social Disadvantage 6.3. Transgender composition 6.4. Divyang composition 6.5. Literacy composition 6.6. Working Population Composition Standard Census Definition 6.7. Adolescents 6.8. Issues related to Youth 6.9. National Youth Policy 7. The population pyramid (The age-sex pyramid)7.1. Expanding Population 7.2. Constant Population 7.3. Declining Population Population pyramid of India through years 7.4. Regional variations in age-structure pyramid 8. Population Issues 8.1. Population Problems of Underdeveloped Countries 8.1.1. Problems of Over-population 8.1.2. Problems of Under-Population 8.2. Population Problems of Advanced Countries Factors that affect population growth Other factors 8.3. Declining sex ratio in India 9. Population Policies in India In fact, India was perhaps the first country to explicitly announce such a policy in 1952. The aim of the programme was to reduce birth rates “to stabilize the population at a level consistent with the requirement of national economy”.10. Appraisal of National Population Policy 2000 11. NPP-2000: The Way Forward What else should a future population policy address?On-going interventions New Interventions under Family Planning Programme 12. Appendix (Population Maps and tables)1. Census 2011 indicates that there is a stark north-south divide with respect to the ongoing demographic shifts in India. Explain this phenomenon and discuss its policy implications for both northern and southern states?Answer:2. What is reproductive health? How does it differ from the existing family planning and maternal and child health programmes?Answer:3. Demographic Dividend, if not nurtured properly can become Demographic Disaster. Explain in the context of India.Answer:4. What are the reasons behind National Population Policy failing to check population growth in India?Answer:5. How does economic development influence the demography of a society? Discuss in the context of India.Approach:Answer:6. The uneven spatial distribution of population in India suggests its close relationship with physical, social and historical factors. Elaborate.Approach:Answer:Figure: Population density, 2011 ♤ Physical factors ♤ Socio-economic and historical factors 7. India was one of the first countries to explicitly announce an official population policy in 1952. Critically analyse various aspects of the population policy of the country over the years.Approach:Answer:14. Previous Year UPSC GS Mains Questions 1. What is the Need to Study Migration? What is its Significance?2. What is Migration?3. What are the Different Forms of Migration?4. How is the Phenomenon of Migration Recorded?5. Observing Migration Trends in Census 6. Comparison of Some Migration Trends Between 2001 and 2011 Census As per Census 2011:7. Can We Now Derive any Characteristics of the Migrants in India?8. What Can be the Reasons That Make People Migrate?8.1. Economic Factors & Demographic Factors 8.2. Socio-Cultural & Political Factors 9. What are the Consequences of Migration?9.1. Economic Consequences Impact on Source and destination regions Impact on migrants 9.2. Demographic Consequences Impact on Source and Destination Regions 9.3. Social and Psychological Consequences Impact on Source and destination regions Impact on migrants 9.4. Environmental Consequences Impact on Source and destination regions Impact on migrants 9.5. Political Consequences Impact on Source and destination regions Impact on migrants Inner Line Permit Protected Area Permit Restricted Area Permit 9.6. Internal Migration v/s External Migration 10. Trends in International Migration 11. Problems of Refugees and Displaced Persons 12. Way Forward 12.1. Interstate Migration in India 12.2. International Migration 13. GS Mains Test Series Questions 1. Discuss the various aspects of the issue of development displacement. Suggest means to address the same.2013-2(f)-291 Answer:2. Internal migration not only affects the migrant but also the source and destination regions. Discuss. Suggest some measures to tackle the issues related to internal migration.Answer:Migrants:♤ Limited Access to Formal Financial Services results in them being exploited by their employers and they face risk of theft and personal injury in saving and transferring their earnings.Source Region:Destination Region:3. Growing spatial inequalities in economic opportunities have significantly impacted the pace and pattern of internal migration in India. Discuss. Also give an account of the challenges that have been arising due to high internal migration and steps that should be taken to tackle these challenges.Answer:4. Mass exodus of people inhabiting mountain regions to plains is fast turning hamlets into haunted villages, in places like Uttarakhand. Discuss the causes, implications and possible remedies for this phenomenon.Answer:The various reasons for this situation include:Implications of excess outward migration:Possible solutions include:14. Previous Year UPSC GS Mains Questions

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