Answer:

Various aspects of the issue of development displacement –

1. Landlessness: Expropriation of land removes the main foundation upon which people's productive systems, commercial activities, and livelihoods are constructed.

2. Joblessness: The risk of losing wage employment is very high both in urban and rural displacements for those employed in enterprises, services or agriculture. Yet creating new jobs is difficult and requires substantial investment.

3. Homelessness: Loss of shelter tends to be only temporary for many people being resettled; but, for some, homelessness or a worsening in their housing standards remains a lingering condition. In a broader cultural sense, loss of a family's individual home and the loss of a group's cultural space tend to result in alienation and status deprivation.

4. Marginalisation: Many individuals cannot use their earlier-acquired skills at the new location; human capital is lost or rendered inactive or obsolete. Economic marginalisation is often accompanied by social and psychological marginalisation.

5. Food Insecurity: Forced uprooting increases the risk that people will fall into temporary or chronic undernourishment.

6. Increased Morbidity and Mortality: Displacement-induced social stress and psychological trauma, the use of unsafe water supply and improvised sewage systems, increase vulnerability to epidemics and chronic diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery etc.

7. Loss of Access to Common Property: For poor people, loss of access to the common property assets that belonged to relocated communities (pastures, forest lands, water bodies, burial grounds, quarries and so on) result in significant deterioration in income and livelihood levels.

8. Social Disintegration: Displacement causes a profound unraveling of existing patterns of social organisation.

Few means to address the same:

1. States should ensure that eviction impact assessments are carried out prior to the initiation of any project which could result in development-based displacement

2. Exploration of all possible alternatives to any act involving forced eviction.

3. Sufficient information shall be provided to affected persons, groups and communities relating to the resettlement.

4. The State must provide or ensure fair and just compensation for any losses of personal, real or other property or goods

5. Resettlement must occur in a just and equitable manner and in full accordance with international human rights law.

6. States should ensure that adequate and effective legal or other appropriate remedies are available to any persons claiming that his/her right of protection against forced evictions has been violated

7. To make new Law on rehabilitation and change the LAA (1894), integrating rehabilitation as an integral part of acquisition.