♤ Limited Access to Formal Financial Services results in them being exploited by their employers and they face risk of theft and personal injury in saving and transferring their earnings.

♤ They face political exclusion because most of the times they don’t have voting rights at the destination. Further they are target of political rhetoric of local identity politics and sometimes subjected to violence and abuse.

♤ Migration flows are mediated by an elaborate chain of contractors and middlemen. There are no written contracts, no enforceable agreements regarding wages or other benefits, and no commitments regarding regular provision of work. This leads to rampant exploitation of migrants.