DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES AND THE DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRY -

THE ROLE OF NGOS, SHGS, VARIOUS GROUPS AND ASSOCIATIONS, DONORS, CHARITIES, INSTITUTIONAL AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS

Contents

1. Development Processes 57

1.1. What is Development and Development Process? 57

2. Civil Societies 58

2.1. What are Civil Societies? 58

2.2. Civil Society in India 59

2.3. Types of Civil societies in India 59

2.4. National Policy on Voluntary Sector 60

3. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) 60

3.1. What are Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)? 60

3.2. Types of NGOs 61

3.3. Role of NGOs in Development 62

3.4. Role of NGOs in Protection of Environment 63

3.5. Challenges faced by NGOs in India 64

3.6. State v/s NGOs 64

3.7. Suggestions to Improve the Working of NGOs 65

4. Self Help Groups (SHGs) 65

4.1. What are SHGs? 65

4.2. How Does SHGs Function? 65

4.3. Evolution of SHGs in India 66

4.4. Benefits of SHGs 67

4.5. General Issues related to SHGs 67

4.6. Socio-Cultural Hurdles in Penetration of SHGs in Rural Areas 68

4.7. Measures Taken by the Government to Promote the SHGs 68

4.8. Suggestions to Improve the Working of SHGs 69

5. Aid and Private Funding in Development 69

5.1. Development Aid in India 69

5.2. Foreign Aid to India 70

5.3. Foreign Funding and NGOs 70

5.4. Foreign Aid from India 72

6. Microfinance Institutions 72

6.1. What are Microfinance Institutions? 72

6.2. Role of Microfinance Institutions in Development 73

6.3. Issues Related to Microfinance Institutions 73

6.4. Suggestions to Improve the Working of Microfinance Institutions 74

7. Societies, Trusts, Donors, Charities and other Stakeholders 74

7.1. Societies 75

7.2. Trusts, Religious Endowments and Waqfs 75

7.2.1. Trusts 75

7.2.2. Religious Endowments 76

7.2.3. Waqfs in India 76

7.3. Trade Unions 77

8. Previous Year GS Mains Test Series Questions 77

9. Previous Year UPSC GS Mains Questions 87