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CHAPTER 1: NATION BUILDING AND CONSOLIDATION: PROCESS AND CHALLENGES A. Partition and its Aftermath Legacy and issues of Partition: Boundaries, Displacement and Rehabilitation Boundaries:Implications of the Radcliff Award:Limitation of this award:Consequence of Partition:Relief and rehabilitation:Beyond Partition: Challenges of internal consolidation Plan of consolidation:B. Integration of Princely States difficult than the rest.On 1 January 1948 India decided to take the Kashmir issue to UN:Other States:French and Portuguese settlements:C. Tribal Integration Roots of India Tribal Policy:Critical Appraisal of the policy and its impact:unfamiliarity with the laws & the legal system.Positive Developments due to state's Initiative:D. Issue of Language 1. The dispute over official language.CHAPTER 2: DEMOCRATISATION: PROCESS, CHALLENGES AND ACHIEVEMENTS A. Emergence of Electoral Politics Political leadership used elections both to promote national consolidation and to legitimize its policies of integration. As observed by Ashok Mehta, "The parliament acted as a great unifier of the nation".such as Dr. B.R Ambedakar and Dr. Shyma Prasad Mukherjee were part of the first cabinet of Independent India at C. The Opposition Parties Socialist party Bhartiya Jan Sangh (BJS)The communist party of India Swatantra Party CHAPTER: 3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT e. Abolition of Zamindari system.B. Planning and its Impact The First Five Year Plan (1951-1956):Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961)Achievements of Plans From 1947–65 C. Green Revolution Prevailing Conditions before the introduction of Green Revolution:Initiatives prior to Green Revolution to boost Agriculture:Introduction of Green Revolution in India:Significant government initiatives during Green Revolution Period:Positive impact of Green Revolution:♤ Increase in income of farmers led to the demand for factory produced consumer durables Negative impacts of the Green Revolution:D. Land Reforms and the Cooperatives At the time of independence Objectives of Land Reforms Implementation of the Reforms:Land ceilings Consolidation of Holdings The Cooperatives:Success of Cooperatives: The Milk Cooperatives and Operation Flood Beginning of Operation Flood:Impact of operation Flood Limitations of Cooperativization Furthermore, in the case of credit cooperatives, there was a virtual exclusion of the landless in securing credits, as found by the National Commission on Agriculture in 1971.CHAPTER 4: INDIA'S EXTERNAL RELATIONS A. Introduction to India's Foreign Policy The three major objectives of Nehru's foreign policy were:Salient features of the Idea of Non-alignment:Background to Non Alignment Policy:B. Relations with Neighbors: An Overview [Note: We will discuss in brief only, the relations of India was Pakistan and China such as wars some disputes or background to some important events. For detailed information, students must refer their IR notes.]1965 War:1971 War:Kargil War:II. Relations with China:C. India's Nuclear Policy [Note: Here will just discuss the background for India's nuclear policy you will learn about India's nuclear policy in detail in security issues sub part of G.S. paper III].CHAPTER 5: THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC ORDER A. Emergency Background of Emergency B. J. P. Movement C. Naxalite Movement and Maoist Insurgency D. Communalism 1. Ayodhya Dispute 2. Anti Sikh Riots 3. Anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat (2002)CHAPTER 6: REGIONAL DISCONTENT AND ITS SOLUTION A. Basis of Regionalism Aspiring to or making special efforts to develop one's state, to remove poverty, implementing social justice is not branded as regionalism. However, if any state asserting its pride & interests above the national interest and against the nation in a hostile manner, then that can be dubbed as regionalism.Sons of Soil Doctrine:B. Issue of J & K, Punjab 1. Issue of J & K 2. Punjab Issue C. Problems with North-East Region I. Demands for autonomy:II. Secessionist Movements:CHAPTER 7: REORGANIZATION OF THE STATES A. Formation of Linguistic States The Case of Andhra: the first linguistic state The States Reorganization Committee:Finally, the States Reorganization Act was passed by parliament in November 1956.♤ SRC opposed the splitting of Bombay & Punjab.B. Unique cases of reorganization I. Sikkim:II. Goa's Liberation C. Recent Reorganizations of States I. Chhattisgarh II. Uttarakhand III. Jharkhand:IV. Telengana:V. Other Demands for State Creation:CHAPTER 8: CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS A. Politics of Coalition The beginning of coalition Politics in India 1977 Elections Formation of Government in 1977 Mandal Politics B. New Economic Policy 1991 I. Liberalization II. Privatisation:III. Globalisation:C. Era of ICT (Information and Communication Technology)CHAPTER 9: POPULAR MOVEMENTS A. Introduction B. Environment Movement I. Chipko Movement:II. Narmada Bachao Aandolan:III. Silent Valley Movement:IV. Fisheries Movement:C. Dalit Movement D. OBC Movements E. New Farmers Movement media and political attention and F. Women's Movement G. Civil Democratic Movement