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1. Organisations, Groupings and Institutions in International Relations
1.1. International Organisations1.2. United Nations Organisation1.2.1. Charter and Mandateo to maintain international peace and security;♤ It elects the Non-Permanent members in Security Council and also members for Social and Economic Council.♤ Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly.1.4. The Security Councilprimary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security.♤ Five of the non-permanent members are elected each year by the General Assembly for a term of two years.♤ The Security Council has a Presidency, which rotates alphabetically, changes every month.♤ Peacekeeping Operations and Political Missions♤ A representative of each of its members must be present at all times at UN Headquarterso blockade;1.5. Economic and Social Council♤ Voting is by simple majority and every member has one vote.1.6. Trusteeship Council♤ The Trusteeship Council was established in 1945 by the UN Charter, under Chapter XIII, to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories that had been placed under the♤ By 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-government or independence.1.7. Secretariat1.8. The International Court of Justiceo First, it decides, in accordance with international law, cases that are submitted to it by states.♤ States entitled to appear before the Court fall into three categories:1.9. Specialized Agencies, Programmes and Funds♤ The programmes and funds are established by and report to the United Nations General Assembly. They are financed through voluntary rather than assessed contributionso International Monetary Fund (IMF): see the entry on Bretton Woods institutions below.o Universal Postal Union (UPU): Established in 1874, the Universal Postal Union (UPU), with its headquarters in the Berne, Switzerland, is the second oldest international organisation worldwide. With its 192 member countries, it is the primary forum for cooperation between postal sector players. It helps to ensure a truly universal network of up-to-date products and services.1.10. Other Bodies with UN Partnership1.11. A Case for UN Reformso The Security Council no longer represents contemporary political realities.o It lacks equitable representation♤ The following are just some of the criteria that have been proposed for new permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council. A new member should be::1.12. India and the United Nations♤ India strongly believes that the United Nations and the norms of international relations that it has fostered remain the most efficacious means for tackling today's global challenges.♤ India has suggested that the UN reforms need to be “broad-based and all-encompassing”♤ The 193 member-United Nations adopted a consensus resolution in its 69th General Assembly on September 14, 2015 to move from Inter-Governmental Negotiations (IGN) to a Text-Based Negotiations (TBN) process for reforming the United Nations Security Council.o India has participated in virtually all of the initiatives of the UN.1.13. The Permanent Court of Arbitration1.14. The International Criminal CourtThe International Criminal Court (ICC) investigates and, where warranted, tries individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international community: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression.♤ It does not have retrospective powers.♤ The Rome Statute created Court, trust fund for victims, and Assembly of State Parties1.15. The Bretton Woods Institutions: IMF and the World Bank♤ The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank were both created at an international conference convened in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States in July 1944. These are also referred to as the Bretton Woods institutions.♤ Their approaches to this goal are complementary,o the World Bank concentrating on long-term economic development and poverty reduction♤ IMF loans are short and medium term and funded mainly by the pool of quota contributions that its members provide.♤ India has a quota of 3,114.4 million SDRs, 2.76% of vote.1.15.2. The World Bank♤ Together, IBRD and IDA make up the World Bank.♤ World Bank assistance is generally long term and is funded both by member country contributions and through bond issuance.1.15.2.1. Five Institutions, One Group♤ The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)♤ The International Development Association (IDA)♤ The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)♤ The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)♤ The term was coined by British economist John Williamson in 1989.♤ By the late 1990s it was becoming clear that the results of the Washington Consensus were far from optimal.1.17. The WTO♤ Its secretariat is in Geneva. WTO Director General is Roberto Azevedo♤ The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is the only global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations.♤ The WTO's top decision-making body is the Ministerial Conference (MC).launched in 2001.1.17.3. The Doha Round1.17.4. Key Issues and Challenges: Developed Versus Developing Countries♤ The WTO's efforts have increased global trade expansion, but a side effect has been a negative impact on local communities and human rights.♤ The Doha Development round remains incomplete and multiple issues are pending.1.17.5. TRIPS♤ "Intellectual property" refers to creations of the mind. These creations can take many different forms, such as artistic expressions, signs, symbols and names used in commerce, designs and inventions. Governments grant creators the right to prevent others from using their inventions, designs or other creations — and to use that right to negotiate payment in return for others using them. These are “intellectual property rights”.♤ It is the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law. The issues dealt with by the WTO and UNCITRAL are different.1.19. Asian Development Bank (ADB)♤ India has been a member of ADB since its inception in 1966.
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