(d) if he is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State, or is under any acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;

(e) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament

Furthermore, it provides that a person shall be disqualified for being a member of either House of Parliament if he is so disqualified under the Tenth Schedule. Such disqualification is more commonly referred to as Disqualification under Anti-Defection law.

4.2.2. Anti-Defection Law

The Tenth Schedule to the Constitution, popularly known as the Anti-Defection Law, was introduced by the Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985. It was further amended by the Constitution (Ninety-First Amendment) Act, 2003 and lays down the conditions regarding disqualification on ground of defection. The main provisions of the Tenth Schedule are:

i. An elected member of Parliament or a State Legislature, who has been elected as a candidate set up by a political party and a nominated member of Parliament or a State Legislature who is a member of political party at the time she/he takes her/his seat would be disqualified on the ground of defection if she/he voluntarily relinquishes her/ his membership of such political party or votes or abstains from voting in the House contrary to any direction of such party.

ii. An independent member of Parliament or a State Legislature will also be disqualified if