6.1. Original jurisdiction

The court has exclusive original jurisdiction over under Article 131:

1. Dispute between the Government of India and one or more States

2. Dispute between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other.

3. Between two or more States, if the dispute involves any question on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends.

This means no other court can entertain such a dispute. A dispute to qualify under Article 131, it has to necessarily be between states and the Centre and must involve a question of law or fact on which the existence of a legal right of the state or the Centre depends.

♤ In the State of Karnataka v Union of India, Case, 1978 Justice P N Bhagwati had said that for the Supreme Court to accept a suit under Article 131, the state need not show that its legal right is violated, but only that the dispute involves a legal question.

♤ It cannot be used to settle political differences between state and central governments headed by different parties.

Election Disputes- The Supreme Court decides the disputes regarding the election of the President and the Vice-president. In this regard, it has the original, exclusive and final authority.

This jurisdiction of the Supreme Court does not extend to the following:

a) Inter-State Water disputes;

b) matters referred to the Finance Commission;

c) adjustment of expenses between the Centre and the States;

d) ordinary dispute of commercial nature;

e) dispute arising out of pre-Constitution treaty or agreement;

f) any treaty or agreement, which specifically provides that that the said jurisdiction does not extend to the dispute.

Recent Development

Recently Kerala and Chhattisgarh have filed a suit in the Supreme court challenging the constitutional validity of various central laws such as Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 (Kerala) and the National Investigation Agency Act 2008 (Chhattisgarh), under Article 131 of the Indian Constitution.

Why the states have challenged the Centre under article 131?

♤ Kerala:

o Kerala has filed a suit to challenge the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, stating that it is violative of Articles 14 (equality before the law), 21 (protection of life and personal liberty) and 25 (freedom of religion) as well as against the secular fabric of the nation.

o It also challenges the Passport (Entry to India) Amendment Rules 2015, and Foreigners (Amendment) Order 2015, which had regularised the stay of non-Muslim migrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan, who had entered India before December 31, 2014, on the condition that they had fled religious persecution from their home countries.

♤ Chhattisgarh

o It has sought a declaration that the NIA Act, 2008, is unconstitutional on the ground that it is

“beyond the legislative competence of Parliament”.

o As ‘Police’ is a subject reserved for the States, having a central police agency, which has overriding powers over the State police, with no provision for consent from the State government for its operations, is against the division of legislative powers between the Centre and the States.

o And thus NIA, is against the federal spirit of the Constitution.

Significance of Article 131

♤ India’s quasi-federal constitutional structure: Inter- governmental disputes are not uncommon; therefore, the framers of the Constitution expected such differences, and added the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court for their resolution.

♤ Resolve disputes between states: Unlike individuals, State governments cannot complain of fundamental rights being violated or cannot move to the courts under article 32 (Remedies for enforcement of rights). Therefore, the Constitution provides that whenever a State feels that its legal rights are under threat or have been violated, it can take the “dispute” to the Supreme Court.

o States have filed such cases under Article 131 against neighbouring States in respect of river water sharing and boundary disputes.

Way forward

Supreme Court should constitute a larger bench to decide the question whether the suits challenging central laws are maintainable under article 131 or not. In that case, if the suits are declared maintainable, the same bench may also adjudicate the disputes.