11. Despite the phrase 'due process of law' not being included in Article 21, the Supreme Court, over the years, has adopted the doctrines of 'procedural due process' and 'substantive due process' into Indian constitutional law. Comment.

Approach:

♤ Giving a brief account of Article 21, bring out the difference between the procedure established by law and due process of law.

♤ Then give reasons due to which due process was not incorporated into the Indian Constitution.

♤ Bring out various judgements to establish the facts that India judiciary over the time has established its conformity towards the principle of due process over procedure established by law.