1. “Legislative Councils in India are not only second, but also secondary chambers of state legislatures. In terms of their composition and powers, they have become obsolete and must be scrapped.” Examine.

Approach:

♤ The question demands explanation as to how and why the legislative councils are – second and secondary chamber. This requires explanation of their powers vis-à-vis legislative assemblies. At least three aspects must be covered – with respect to ordinary bills, money bills/budget and that their very existence depends on the will of the assembly

♤ Their composition and manner of appointment should also be described briefly

♤ Then the answer must reflect on their utility in the modern context

♤ Finally it should suggest reforms (such as recommendation of second ARC) that can make it more effective institution