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4. Supplementary Reading
4.1. India’s Policy of Non-AlignmentPriorities of independent India’s foreign policy revolved around-4.2. Reasons for Non-Alignment4.3. The Non-Aligned MovementThe five criteria for joining NAM were:Map 2.1: Bangladesh1.2. Evolution♤ From 2009 onwards, as cross-border issues were addressed, bilateral relationship improved and progress was made in some key areas.1.3. Recent Top Level Visits♤ Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Bangladesh in June 20151.5. The Border Issue♤ India and Bangladesh share 4096.7 km. of border, which is the longest land boundary that India shares with any of its neighbours.1.6. The Borders and Boundaries: Key Agreements♤ The Land boundary agreement (LBA) was implemented in 2015.India-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement (LBA), was first signed in 1974. A protocol to this agreement was signed in 2011.♤ Thus, the 2015 LBA implements the unresolved issues stemming from1.6.2. The Maritime Boundary Award♤ The UN Tribunal’s award clearly delineated the course of maritime boundary line between India and Bangladesh in the territorial sea, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf within and beyond 200 nautical miles (nm).♤ The verdict has been broadly accepted by both the countries as a positive development for further consolidation of friendly relationsMap 2.2India Bangladesh Maritime Boundary award1.7. Economic Cooperation and Trade1.8. Energy♤ Power: Government-to-government power trade is 1,300 MW from India to Bangladesh.1.9. Connectivity♤ Two Trains services, Maitri and Bandhan, run between Kolkata and Dhaka.♤ Bangladesh-India coastal shipping began operationalisation in March 2016.Map 2.3 : India-Bangladesh Connectivity1.10. Security1.11. Issues to resolved and future challenges♤ The Agreement on Ganges Water would expire in 2026.2.1. Background and Evolution2.2. Recent Dynamics2.3. Hydropower2.4. Economic Development♤ India continues to be the largest trade and development partner of Bhutan.2.5. Security“indivisible and mutual”-Map 2.5: India-Bhutan-China♤ The incidents in Doklam area in 2017, involving Indian armed forces confronting the Chinese, to prevent unilateral changes in the tri-junction border area, marked the example of close security cooperation between India and Bhutan based on the treaty of friendship between the two countries.♤ Meanwhile, the interest repayment on projects that are being financed by India as 30% grant and 70% loan at 10% annual interest is piling up.
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