TEMPERANCE

Temperance is a virtue which brings to bear the judgement of reason on human cravings for food, drink and sex. As we saw earlier, temperance promotes self control and checks other rash impulses like anger. But temperance stands for moderation in food and drink as opposed to gluttony, and for chastity as opposed to lust. Men naturally tend to overindulge in matters which delight them. By cultivating the habit of temperance, one can avoid the harm which excessive indulgence causes. Of course, in many matters, the same prescription will be inapplicable; it has to be relative. For example, temperance in food will be different for a saint and an athlete.

Temperance is said to be made up of abstinence, chastity and sobriety. In a secondary sense, temperance includes moderation and self control. Ancient moralistswere concerned with which are the vices harder to avoid. Men in whom the rational nature is strong are able to overcome sensuality, but they succumb to temptations of ambition, power and glory. They have an exaggerated sense of self esteem and lack humility largely because they have no religious feeling. Men in whom the animal naturedominatesgive in easily to sensual pleasures.

Modesty is reflected in an individual’s outward demeanour, style of dress and carriage. It refers to an individual’s comportment or manner of conduct. A modest individual’s outward manner reflects his temperate habits. In Plato’s phrase, modesty indicates the presence of temperance “set up on holy pedestal” within an individual’s heart. A modest individual will avoid brash or impudent behaviour, and will show due courtesy and respect to others.