Answer:

♤ PPPs have delivered some of the iconic infrastructure like airports, ports and highways, which are seen as models for development globally.

♤ But we have also seen the weaknesses of the PPP framework. There has been a chain of problems and allegations in the implementation of such projects, or in terms of the concessions offered to promoters in the private sector or to foreign investors.

♤ More often than not, land acquisition and compensation payable for it emerge as the biggest problems, invariably leading to public agitations or protest.

♤ The other side of the problem relates to user charges. These projects are based on certain user projections. When the numbers do not add up on the ground, the investor becomes frustrated because the projected return on investment may not materialize.