d) Funding

Different characteristics of different transport modes warrant different funding models. Opportunities for improving the source of public funding exist for all modes, to better match costs and benefits for economic efficiency. Problems are especially rife in how the railways are funded. While retaining the role for the government in infrastructure funding, there is need for stepping up private investment to both fill the investment gap and also allow increased flow of public investment in perhaps commercially unviable but economically and socially important investment decisions.