b) Causality and Timeliness

Both sides of the causality between demands for transport and other goods and services should be considered in making the case for new infrastructure spending. Infrastructure should be programmed in anticipation of future demand. It is frequently easier, cheaper and faster to do this than post hoc construction that increases capacity at the margin. Once created, maintenance should be regular, timely and pre-emptive, rather than rehabilitative and this should become an important part of the asset management system of each mode of transport. Allowance should also be made for allowing dynamic responses to changing situations.