Contents

1. Introduction 3

2. Relation between Infrastructure & Economic Development 3

3. Roads and Road Transport 4

3.1. Government Initiatives 5

3.2. Way Ahead 6

3.3. Additional Schemes/Initiatives 9

3.4. New Initiatives 10

3.5. Green Initiatives 13

3.6. E- Initiatives 15

3.7. Road Connectivity Projects with Neighbouring Countries 15

3.8. Recommendations of Rakesh Mohan Committee (National Transport Development Policy Committee (NTDPC)) 16

4. Railways 17

4.1. Rolling Stock 18

4.2. Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs) 18

4.3. Commission of Railway Safety 19

4.4. Key Developments 20

4.5. Various Committees for Reforms 22

4.6. Challenges and Suggestions 23

4.7. Key Issues 24

5. Civil Aviation 25

5.1. Agencies related to Civil Aviation 26

5.2. Challenges & Recommendations 29

5.3. Recommendations of NTDPC 29

6. Ports and Shipping 30

6.1. National Maritime Development Programme (NMDP) 31

6.2. Shipping 32

6.3. Coastal Shipping 32

6.4. Inland Water Transport 32

6.5. Shipping Corporation of India 34

6.6. Shipbuilding Industry in India 34

6.7. Key Developments 36

6.8. Challenges 38

6.9. Recommendations of NTDPC 39

7. Energy 40

7.1. Projected Energy Demand 41

7.2. Energy Efficiency 41

7.3. Energy Pricing 43

7.4. Oil and Gas Production 44

8. Power 45

8.1. Power Availability in India 45

8.2. Key Developments in Power Sector 45

8.3. Coal 49

9. Renewable Energy 50

9.1. Policy Initiatives 51

9.2. Key Developments 52

10. Telecommunications 52

10.1. Present Status 53

10.2. Tele-Density 54

10.3. Composition of the Market 54

10.4. Broadband 54

10.5. National Telecom Policy 2012 55

10.6. Manufacturing of Telecom Equipment 56

10.7. Universal Service Obligation Fund 57

10.8. National Optical Fiber Network (NOFN) 57

10.9. Transition to New Internet Protocol 57

10.10. Regulatory Framework 57

10.11. Research & Development 58

10.12. Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) 59

11. Kelkar Committee Report: Revisiting & Revitalizing the PPP Model of Infrastructure Development 59

12. Previous Years GS Mains Questions 60

13. Previous Years UPSC Mains Questions 72